Table 1.

Representative important research works done in the field of covalent grafting of conducting polymers.

Conducting Polymer System	Grafted/Attached System	Approach	Outcome	Ref.
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)	Poly(acrylic acid)	ATRP, followed by acid hydrolysis of tert-butyl acrylate	Functional biointerface and versatile cell culture substrate.	[37]
poly(o-methoxyaniline)	Polyacrylamide	Oxidative-radical coupling	Wastewater treatment	[44]
Polyaniline	Xanthan gum	Oxidative polymerization	Room temperature ammonia vapor sensor	[45]
Polyaniline	Novolac	Oxidative polymerization	Conductive adhesive	[47]
Polyaniline	Polyacrylamide	Electrospinning of copolymers in a mixed solvent	Potential electroconductive fibrous mat for supercapacitors	[48]
Polypyrrole	Poly(Schiff base) and poly(ethylene glycol)	Electrochemical co-polymerization of pyrrole and pre-synthesized macromonomer.	Amphiphilic conducting graft copolymer based implantable electrode for serotonin detection	[50]
Aniline tetramer	Dextran and (4-formylbenzoic acid).	Step-wise grafting of dextran and 4-formylbenzoic acid via polycondensation coupling reaction from hexamethylene diisocyanate-graft-aniline tetramer	Degradable, conductive, self-healing injectable hydrogel for myoblast cell therapy and muscle repair	[52]
Polythiophene	Poly(3-methylthienylmethacrylate)	Self-templating SI-ATRP combined with oxidative polymerization	Formation of conjugated ladder-like architecture	[57]
Polythiophene	poly-[N-(6-methyluracilyl)-N,N-dimethylaminochloride]ethylmethacrylate	ATRP followed by quaternization of amine groups	Water soluble conducting brush exhibiting light-Induced conformational change and thermo-responsiveness in presence of halides.	[58]
Poly(2-(2,5-di(pyrrol-2-yl) thiophen-3-yl)	Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)	Electrochemically controlled ATRP (eATRP)	New grafting method to produce hydrophilic conducting graft copolymers.	[59]
Phenylene derivative of polythiophene	Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and propargyl functionalised poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline)	ATRP followed by click reaction	Soluble thermometer	[60]
Phenylene derivative of polythiophene	Poly(acetamidoalkyl acrylate)	ATRP	Self-healing, stretchable and wearable electronics	[61]
Polythiophene	Poly(ethylene oxide)	Combination of oxidative radical polymerization and click reactions	More processable amphiphilic conducting system.	[62]
Polythiophene	Polyselenophene	KCTP followed by click reaction	Production of all-conjugated comb-like graft architectures	[63]
Polythiophene	Polystyrene	Single step dual initiation polymerization technique consisting of both oxidative and metal-catalyzed radical polymerization simultaneously	Simple single step approach to prepare conducting polymer containing branched chains.	[65]
Polythiophene	Polyalanine	First ROP, then electropolymerization	Glucose sensor	[66]
Aniline trimer	Poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(l-lactic acid)	Coupling via polycondensation reaction.	Biodegradable shape memory-based superstretchable electroactive elastomer network for soft tissue engineering.	[69]
Polypyrrole	Poly(caprolacton)	First ROP, then oxidative polymerization	Degradable, fibrous, conducting scaffold materials for neuronal tissue engineering	[72]