Table 1.

Summary of various microscopic techniques, their applications and relevant biopolymers illustrated in the current review.

Technique	Application	Biopolymer	References
Optical Microscopy	Fiber diameter	Poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan blend	[65]
	Size and ahape	Starch granules	[66,67]
	Filler dispersion	starch/ Gum Arabic/nanocellulose	[68]
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)	Particle size	Chitosan	[69]
	Particle shape	Starch granules	[66]
	Fiber diameter and surface modification	Gum Arabic, Gum Karaya, Kondagogu gum	[19]
	Crystal alignment	Cellulose nanocrystals	[70]
	Failure behavior	Gelatin/maltodextrin	[71]
SEM + energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy	Elemental composition	Cellulose	[72,73]
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)	Particle dispersion	Cellulose nanofiber	[74]
	Particle Size	Kondagogu gum biopolymer assisted Pt nanoparticles	[24]
	Core shell structure	Chitosan/PEO	[75]
TEM + selected area electron diffraction	Crystallographic analysis	Biopolymer assisted nanoparticles	[21,24]
Atomic force microscopy	Molecular structure and conformation	Xanthan gum	[76,77,78]
	Nanomaterial topography	Nanocellulose	[79,80]
	Particle size and shape	Nanocellulose	[81]
Chemical force microscopy	Chemical interactions	Chitosan	[82]
Magnetic force microscopy	Magnetic properties	Chitosan based magnetic nanohydrogels	[83]
Scanning tunneling microscopy	Molecular structure Particle Size Surface modification	Bacterial polysaccharides Cellulose Cellulose	[84,85] [86] [87]