Table 1.
Representative examples of polymer-and hybrid-based biomaterials with specific coating for interstitial, connective, vascular, nervous, visceral and musculoskeletal tissues.
| Tissue Type | Tissue or Organ | Coating for Specific Tissue Type | Polymer as the Base of Coating | Functional Element of the Coating | Refs. |
| Interstitial and connective (Section 3) | Tendons (Section 3.1) |
Collagen (hR COL and BAT COL), gelatin | PCL | Improving cell adhesion | [66,135,230] |
| CaCO3 microparticles/PCL | PCL | Imitation of fibro-cartilaginous region and improving of cells adhesion | [138] | ||
| Tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles/PCL | PCL | Imitation of fibro-cartilaginous region | [68] | ||
| Collagen based | Silk | Improving cell adhesion | [231,232,233] | ||
| Maleic anhydride/cellulose nanocrystal based | PLA | Improving connection between two components and cells | [136] | ||
| Hap based | PLLA | Imitation of fibro-cartilaginous region | [137] | ||
| Skin (Section 3.2) |
Gelatin based | Chitosan | Macrophage activation, high hemostatic effect and no antigenicity. | [145] | |
| Collagen with immobilized epidermal growth factor (EGF) | PCL and PCL/Gelatin | Improving cells adhesion and stimulation of mitosis via regulation of Ca and pH inside cells | [146,147] | ||
| Micelles with tannic acid | PCL/Collagen mix | Improving of angiogenesis and antimicrobial properties | [148] | ||
| CaCO3 with tannic acid/PCL | PCL | Improving of angiogenesis and antimicrobial properties | [67] | ||
| Platelet lysate | PCL/PLCL | Haemostatic plug stops bleeding | [234] | ||
| PLGA based | VEGF and TGF-β3 | Differentiation and angiogenesis of cells. | [144] | ||
| PCL based | EGF + VEGF | Differentiation and angiogenesis of cells. | [152] | ||
| Chitosan microparticles loaded with growth factors | Dextran-based hydrogel | Differentiation and angiogenesis of cells. | [153] | ||
| Vascular (Section 4) | Blood vessels (Section 4) |
Fibrin glue with FGF-1 and heparin | ePTFE | Increasing capillarization, increased collagen content | [235] |
| P15 peptide based | ePTFE | Smaller thicknesses of neointimal hyperplasia; enhanced endothelialization | [236] | ||
| Growth factor -reduced Matrigel™-containing VEGF | ePTFE | Increased EC rate, increased myointimal hyperplasia | [237] | ||
| Hyaluronic acid based | PCL | Higher bulk porosity and cell permeability | [238] | ||
| VEGF based | PEA, PMA | Promoting vascularization in regenerative medicine applications | [159] | ||
| Nerve (Section 5) |
Nerve (Section 5) |
Laminin peptides | Chitosan | Enhancer of the attachment of neural cell, differentiation; outgrowth of neurites | [239] |
| Platelet-rich plasma | PLA/GTNF | Healing improvement | [240] | ||
| (γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) | Chitosan | Improving mechanical strength | [241] | ||
| Poly-L-lysine, poly-L-ornithine, laminin, collagen | Poly (sialic acid) | Mechano compatibility; cell adhesive property | [242] | ||
| Collagen type I; EDC/NHS activation (amino groups) | P(MMA-co-AA) | Promotion of cell attachment, spreading, and viability | [243] | ||
| Polypyrrole (PPy) | PCL, PLA | Cell density, cell spread, | [244,245] | ||
| RGD peptide based | PEG–heparin hybrid gel | Differentiation & propagation of NSCs; outgrowth of axon dendrites | [245,246] | ||
| Laminin based | Collagen type I | Bridging peripheral nerve gaps | [245,247] | ||
| Visceral (Section 6) |
Lung (Section 6.1) |
Gelatin based | PCL PGA |
Adherence of NCI-H292 cells; tuning mechanical properties of materials | [177,178,248] |
| bFGF and AA2P based | PGA/PLA | Improving cells adhesion and stimulates cells proliferation and differentiation | [249] | ||
| Kidney (Section 6.2) |
Mg(OH)2 and acellular ECM | PLGA | Neutralization of the effects induced by degradation of PLGA products, suppression of inflammatory reactions | [186] | |
| l-DOPA and collagen IV | PCL | Improving cells adhesion and proliferation | [250] | ||
| Liver (Section 6.3) |
ECM-molecules | PLA | Microenvironment manipulation; changes of gene expression, protein contents, and cell adherence | [251] | |
| PCL | [252] | ||||
| HGF based | Gelatin | Controlled release for enhancement of the in vivo therapeutic effects | |||
| RGD and YIGSR based | PCL and PLA | Improved hepatocyte adhesion | [196] | ||
| Musculoskeletal (Section 7) |
Cardiac muscles (Section 7.1) | bFGF based | PLGA | Neovascular formation | [253] |
| Laminin based | PU | Improving cells adhesion | [254] | ||
| Skeletal muscles (Section 7.2) |
Collagen-chitosan based | PDMS | Improving cell adhesion | [255] | |
| Collagen-I based | Polyacrylamide | Improving cell adhesion | [256,257] | ||
| Laminin and RGD based | PEG | Improving cells adhesion | [258,259] | ||
| RGD based | Alginate | Improving cells adhesion | [75] | ||
| Fibrin based | PLG | Anastomosis with the host vasculature and angiogenesis | [209] | ||
| Agrin or laminin based | Alginate | Exhibited acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering | [210,211] | ||
| Cartilage (Section 7.3) |
Hyaluronic acid based | PLGA | Improving cell migration and proliferation | [45] | |
| Platelet-rich-plasma based | PGA | Homogeneous hyaline-like cartilage tissue repair. | [260] | ||
| Fibrinogen based | PEG | Improving cells adhesion | [261] | ||
| Fibrin based | PGA | Bio-sustainability of cell-based tissue regeneration (without in vitro cultivation) | [262,263] | ||
| Hyaluronic acid based | Alginate | Improving cell migration and proliferation | [263,264] | ||
| Tri-(calcium phosphate) based | PLGA | Improving osteochondral composition | [263,265] | ||
| Bones (Section 7.4) |
CaCO3/PHB & PHBV based | PHB and PHBV | Improving cells adhesion and ossification | [266] | |
| CaCO3 with loaded ALP | Alginate | Improving cells adhesion and ossification | [228] |