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(a) Volume change as a function of normalized time (fraction of time to reach equilibrium) of ionic, mixing and total swelling pressures for univalent and divalent solutions. (b) Swelling pressures of ionic, mixing and total swelling energies of univalent and divalent solutions as a function of normalized time. = 20%. Inlay: Mixing energy swelling pressure (MPa) between 0.15 and 0.3 of normalized time.
