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. 2020 Mar 2;12(3):533. doi: 10.3390/polym12030533

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Solvent-free 3D scaffolds obtained by the fused deposition modeling technique: (a) Thermoplastic materials are molten into a liquid state in a liquefier head. Then, compounds are deposited through a nozzle that obeys a computer-aided design (CAD) file and generate 3D parts in a layer-by-layer fashion [23]. (b) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffold fabricated with complex geometries and gradient porous structures, including uniform and graded distributions with different pore shapes. (c) Porous nose fabricated with a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing approach and showing the potential to generate structures with complex architectures to achieve human organ shapes [26]. (d–f) SEM images of PLA templated poly-(esterurethane) (PUR) scaffolds fabricated by fused deposition modeling with tunable substrate modulus (5, 24 and 266 MPa) [27]. (b,c) reprinted from Acta Biomaterialia, 96, Montazerian, H.; Mohamed, M.G.A.; Montazeri, M.M.; Kheiri, S.; Milani, A.S.; Kim, K.; Hoorfar, M, Permeability and mechanical properties of gradient porous PDMS scaffolds fabricated by 3D-printed sacrificial templates designed with minimal surfaces, 149-160,2019, with permission from Elsevier. (d–f) reprinted from Biomaterials, 73, Guo, R.; Merkel, A.R.; Sterling, J.A.; Davidson, J.M.; Guelcher, S.A., Substrate modulus of 3D-printed scaffolds regulates the regenerative response in subcutaneous implants through the macrophage phenotype and Wnt signaling, 85–95, 2015, with permission from Elsevier.