Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study participants.
| NC | T2DM | DFU | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 43 (12/31) | 40 (14/26) | 13 (8/5) |
| Age (year) | 52.98 + 11.79 | 54.58 + 9.73 | 56.62 + 10.11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.85 + 3.41 | 23.80 + 2.95a | 25.56 + 3.50b |
| Wc (cm) | 79.81 + 9.40 | 84.01 + 7.25 | 94.27 + 8.68bd |
| WHR | 0.85 + 0.06 | 0.87 + 0.07 | 0.94 + 0.05bd |
| SBP (mm hg) | 121.63 + 13.72 | 125.83 + 13.93 | 130.08 + 15.06 |
| DBP (mm hg) | 76.17 + 9.20 | 76.30 + 9.43 | 85.38 + 9.35bd |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.47 + 0.98 | 4.68 + 1.03 | 4.34 + 0.69 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.23 + 0.52 | 1.95 + 1.41b | 1.45 + 0.52 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.54 + 0.56 | 1.32 + 0.31 | 1.16 + 0.17a |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.37 + 0.99 | 2.82 + 0.76 | 2.61 + 0.72 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.55 + 3.68 | 0.94 + 0.79 | 1.53 + 0.79 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.16 + 0.35 | 7.67 + 0.26b | 9.17 + 2.38bd |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 4.70 + 0.60 | 7.92 + 1.15b | 10.43 + 3.03bd |
| HbA1C (%/mmol/mol) | 5.52 + 0.36/36 | 6.01 + 0.42/42a | 8.82 + 2.29/73bd |
| FINS (mU/L) | 5.75 + 3.89 | 6.97 + 3.77 | 8.27 + 5.49a |
| AUC | 498.95 + 481.04 | 164.30 + 99.48a | 100.82+151.02b |
| AIR | 62.89 + 61.81 | 17.54 + 10.63a | 10.89 + 17.45b |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 + 0.94 | 2.08 + 1.15a | 3.25 + 2.01bd |
| HOMA-β | 70.92 + 45.79 | 43.76 + 22.63b | 35.16 + 31.84b |
| Insulin treatment (/%) | 0 | 0 | 8/61.54 |
| OAD treatment (/%) | 0 | 0 | 5/38.46 |
Data are presented as means + SD. NC: normal control; T2DM: newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; DFU: diabetic foot ulcer; BMI: body mass index; Wc: waist circumference; WHR: waist hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP: hypersensitive C reactive protein; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2 h postchallenge plasma glucose; FINS: fasting serum insulin; AUC: area under the curve of the first-phase (0-10 min) insulin secretion; AIR: acute insulin response; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment for beta-cell function; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug. aP < 0.05 compared with NC; bP < 0.01 compared with NC; dP < 0.01 compared with T2DM.