Fig. 1.

Morphological defects of the sperm flagella resulting in SPAG6 and RSPH3 mutations. (A and A′) Normal morphology of spermatozoa from a healthy control man. (B–E) and (J–M) Scanning electron microscopy images and (F–I) and (N–Q) H&E staining images showed the multiple abnormalities of the sperm flagella from SPAG6-mutated proband and RSPH3-mutated proband, respectively, including (B, F, J, and O) short, (C, E, I, K, L, M, P, and Q) coiled, (D, H, and L) absent, and (G and N) bent. Scale bars represent 5 μm