Table 1.
The list of miRNAs whose association with ectopic pregnancy has been assessed (EP: ectopic pregnancy, SA: spontaneous abortion, NP: normal pregnancy).
| microRNA | Expression pattern | Numbers of clinical samples | Targets/Regulators | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-515-3p, miR-517a, miR-517c | Downregulated | 18 EP, 12 SA, 26 NP | – | Cell-free pregnancy-associated microRNAs such as miR-515-3p, miR-517a, and miR-517c could be considered as potential molecular markers of EP. | [22] |
| hsa-mir-196b, hsa-mir-30a, hsa-mir-873, hsa-mir-337-3p | Downregulated | 23 EP, 29 NP | GALNT7, GALNT13, GALNT1, ITGA2, COL1A2 | In ectopic and eutopic embryonic tissues, analysis of miRNAs could reveal different expression patterns, which are critical for correct implantation. | [19] |
| hsa-mir-1288, hsa-mir-451, hsa-mir-223 | Upregulated | ||||
| miR-517a, miR-519d, miR-525-3p | Downregulated | 27 EP, 28 SA, 34 NP | – | miR-323-3p could be considered as an important biomarker for EP. | [18] |
| miR-323-3p | Upregulated | ||||
| miR-132, miR-145 | not altered | 17 EP, 43 NP | – | In early gestational periods (≤6), the expression levels of miR-132, miR-145, and mir-323-3p did not alter, while Let-7a expression decreases in EP compared to NP. The expression of let-7a could play a key role in the control of normal and EP. | [20] |
| let-7a | Downregulated | ||||
| mir-323-3p | not altered | ||||
| let-7i, miR-149, miR-182, miR-424 | Upregulated | 20 EP, 10 NP | NEDD4, TAF15, SPEN | Mentioned-microRNAs could contribute to the onset of tubal EP through targeting NEDD4, TAF15, and SPEN. | [23] |
| miR-873 | Downregulated | 34 EP, 30 SA, 36 NP | – | miR-873 could be considered as a noninvasive biomarker for the detection of early EP. | [21] |
| hsa-mir-1247 | Downregulated | 80 EP, 32 NP | – | The abnormal expressions of hsa-mir-1247 and hsa-mir-1269a could be considered as valuable biomarkers for the prediction and treatment of EP. | [24] |
| hsa-mir-1269a | Upregulated | ||||
| miR-324-3p | Upregulated | 84 EP, 122 NP | KISS1 | Overexpression of miR-324-3p in EP is responsible for decreased expression of KISS1/kisspeptin levels. | [29] |
| miR-323-3p | Upregulated | 30 EP, 30 recurrent miscarriage, 30 NP | – | The high blood level of miR-323-3p could be considered as a valuable biomarker for screening EP. | [30] |
| hsa-miR-122-3p, hsa-miR-194-3p, hsa-miR-1299, hsa-miR-4755-5p, hsa-miR-378d | Upregulated | 5 EP, 5 miscarriage cases, 4 NP | – | Investigating of mentioned-microRNAs in serum samples could be useful as a valuable biomarker for EP. | [25] |