Table 1.
Associations and variations between human plasma exosomal proteins reported in this study and HIV viral proteins, alcohol, and tobacco. Previous reports of exosomal packaging were checked using ExoCarta(Keerthikumar et al. 2016). Protein associations with HIV were determined using the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database (Ako-Adjei et al. 2015).
| Accession | Gene symbol | Description | aReported previously in exosomes | Reported previously in plasma exosomes | Associated with HIV (Protein / replication interaction s) | Related to alcohol | Related to smoking | C vs H | C vs S | C vs D | C vs H+D | C vs H+S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P01023 | A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin | Yes | No | Gp41, Tat, retropepsin | Higher in smokers (Suriyaprom et al. 2007),patien ts with COPD (Arellano-Orden et al. 2017) | - | - | ↓ | - | - | |
| P01031 | C5 | Complement C5 | Yes | Yes | Gp120, Vif | Contributes to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice (Pritchard et al. 2007) | Higher in smokers (Wyatt et al. 1981) | - | - | ↓ | - | - |
| P02748 | C9 | Complement component C9 | Yes | Yes | Gp120 | Protective against alcohol-induced rat liver damage (Bykov et al. 2004) | Higher in smokers (Wyatt et al. 1981; Bridges et al. 1986) | - | - | ↓ | - | - |
| P02751 | FN1 | Fibronectin | Yes | No | Gp120, gp160, precursor, gp41, Nef, Tat, retropepsin ), gp41 | Correlated with the number of years of smoking (Santoro Belangero et al. 2018) | - | - | ↓ | - | - | |
| P04278–1 | SHBG | Sex hormonebinding globulin | Yes | Yes | Associated with alcohol consumption (Jensen et al. 2014; Hirko et al. 2014) | Not associated (Wang et al. 2013) | - | - | ↓ | - | - | |
| P07357 | C8A | Complement component C8 alpha chain | Yes | Yes | Biomarker candidates for hepatocellular carcinoma (Awan et al. 2015) | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ||
| P08603–1 | CFH | Complement factor H | Yes | Yes | Gp120,gp41 | - | - | ↓ | - | - | ||
| P23142 | FBLN1 | Fibulin-1 | Yes | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↓ | |||
| Q9BXR6 | CFHR5 | Complement factor H-related protein 5 | Yes | Replication interaction | - | - | ↓ | - | - | |||
| A0A075B6K4 | IGLV3-10 | Immunoglobuli n lambda variable 3–10 | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| A0A087WSY6 | IGKV3 D-15 | Immunoglobuli n kappa variable 3D-15 | Yes | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| A0A0A0MR Z8 | IGKV3 D-11 variable 3D-11 | Immunoglobuli n kappa | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P00736 | C1R | Complement C1r subcomponent | Yes | No | ↓ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P01700 | IGLV1-47 | Immunoglobuli n lambda variable 1–47 | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P01768 | IGHV3-30 | Immunoglobuli n heavy variable 3–30 | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P01824 | IGHV4-39 | Immunoglobuli n heavy variable 4–39 | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P01834 | IGKC | Immunoglobuli n kappa constant | Yes | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P04196 | HRG | Histidine-rich glycoprotein | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P05090 | APOD | Apolipoprotein D | Yes | No | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P08519 | LPA | Apolipoprotein(a) | Yes | No | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P0DOX5 | IGG1 | Immunoglobuli n gamma-1 heavy chain | No | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P0DOY2 | IGLC2 | Immunoglobuli n lambda constant 2 | Yes | ↑ | - | - | - | - | ||||
| P19827–1 | ITIH1 | Inter-alphatrypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | - | - | - | |||
| Q13790 | APOF | Apolipoprotein F | No | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| Q9Y6R7 | FCGBP | IgGFc-binding protein | Yes | No | ↓ | - | - | - | - | |||
| P02652 | AP0A2 | Apolipoprotein A-II | Yes | No | - | - | - | ↓ | - | |||
| Q9H0U4 | RAB1B | Ras-related protein Rab-1B | Yes | Yes | Gp41, replication interaction | Decreased in ethanol-treated pituitaries (Ren et al. 2005) | - | - | - | ↑ | - | |
| P01024 | C3 | Complement C3 | Yes | No | Gp120, gp160, precursor, Nef, Tat | Induced by ethanol (Kalinin et al. 2018) | - | - | - | ↓ | - | |
| A0A0C4DH3 4 | IGHV4-28 | Immunoglobuli n heavy variable 4–28 | No | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| O00187–1 | MASP2 | Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 | Yes | No | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P00734 | F2 | Prothrombin | Yes | Gp120, gp160, precursor, replication interaction | - | ↓ | - | - | ||||
| P01714 | IGLV3-19 | Immunoglobuli n lambda variable 3–19 | No | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P01743 | IGHV1-46 | Immunoglobuli n heavy variable 1–46 | No | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P01861 | IGHG4 | Immunoglobuli n heavy constant gamma 4 | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | - | - | - | |||
| P05452 | CLEC3B | Tetranectin | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | - | - | - | |||
| P0DP01 | IGHV1-8 | Immunoglobuli n heavy variable 1–8 | No | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P11597–1 | CETP | Cholesteryl ester transfer protein | Yes | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P21333 | FLNA | Filamin-A | Yes | Yes | Gp120), Gap-Pol, Nef, Pr55, Tat, Vpr, retropepsin | - | ↑ | - | - | - | ||
| Q13103 | SPP2 | Secreted phosphoprotein 24 | Yes | Yes | - | ↓ | - | - | - | |||
| P02790 | HPX | Hemopexin | Yes | Yes | Biomarker candidates of alcohol abu se (Lai et al. 2009) | - | - | - | ↓ | - |
Reported previously in exosomes derived from various sources, could be cell lines/plasma/saliva etc. C-Control, H-HIV, D-drinkers, S-smokers, H+D = HIV+drinkers, H+S = HIV+smokers; ‘-’ No change, ↓ -down regulation, ↑ -up regulation.