Table 2.
Associations and variations between human plasma exosomal proteins reported in this study from HIV-infected individuals and/or substance abusers. Exosome localization was checked against ExoCarta. Protein associations with HIV were identified from the HIV, Human Protein Interaction Database (Ako-Adjei et al. 2015).
| Description | aReported previously in exosomes | Reported previously in plasma exosomes | Associated with HIV (Protein interactions/ replication interactions) | Associated with alcohol | Associated with smoking | H vs H+D | H vs H+S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1–16 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Ceruloplasmin | Yes | Yes | Tat | Serum levels higher in smokers (Milnerowic z and Slowinska 1997; Tungtrongchitr et al. 2002) | ↓ | - | |
| Collagen alpha-l(VI) chain | Yes | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | |||
| Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1 −69 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Properdin | No | Yes | Gp120, gp41 | - | ↓ | ||
| Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Immunoglobulin gamma-1 heavy chain | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Complement factor I | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Immunoglobulin kappa constant | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Vimentin | Yes | Yes | Gp120, Gag-Pol, Nef, Pr55, Vif, Vpr, matrix, retropepsin | ↑ | - | ||
| Alpha-1B-glycoprotein | Yes | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | |||
| Gelsolin | Yes | Yes | Replication interactions, gp120, Tat, Vpr | Loss of gelsolin expression in non-small cell lung cancers of heavy smokers (Dosaka-Akita et al. 1998) | ↑ | - | |
| Immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-40 | No | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | |||
| Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1–5 | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3D-11 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Histone H3.3 | Yes | Yes | Replication interactions, Tat | ↑ | - | ||
| Complement C3 | Yes | No | Gp120, gp160, precursor, Nef, Tat | Alcohol increases C3 (Kalinin et al. 2018) | ↓ | ↓ | |
| C4b-binding protein alpha chain | Yes | No | ↑ | - | |||
| Hemopexin | Yes | Yes | Biomarker candidate of alcohol abuse (Lai et al. 2009) | ↓ | - | ||
| Isoform 2 of Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A | Yes | Yes | Vpr, retropepsin | ↑ | - | ||
| Complement factor H | Yes | Yes | Gp120, gp41 | ↓ | - | ||
| Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1–46 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1–8 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Complement C5 | Yes | Yes | Gp120, Vif | Ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice (Pritchard et al. 2007) | Higher in smokers (Wyatt et al. 1981) | ↓ | - |
| Isoform 2 of Insulinlike growth factorbinding protein complex acid labile subunit | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Isoform 2 of Src substrate cortactin | Yes | Yes | Pr55 | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| Immunoglobulin lambda variable 4–60 | No | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Histone H2A type 1 -B/E | Yes | Yes | Tat | ↑ | - | ||
| Ras-related protein Rab-1B | Yes | Yes | Gp41, replication interactions | Ethanol-induced alterations in Rab proteins (Ren et al. 2005) | ↑ | - | |
| Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | |||
| Complement factor H-related protein 1 | No | Yes | - | ↑ | |||
| Heat shock protein beta-1 | Yes | Yes | Vif, Vpr | - | ↑ | ||
| Protein S100-A8 | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | |||
| Cystatin-A | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | |||
| Apolipoprotein(a) | Yes | No | - | ↑ | |||
| Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 | Yes | Yes | - | ↓ | |||
| Immunoglobulin lambda variable 1–51 | Yes | - | ↓ | ||||
| Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–72 | No | Yes | - | ↓ | |||
| HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-51 alpha chain | Yes | Yes | Replication interactions | - | ↑ | ||
| Protein AMBP | Yes | Yes | - | ↓ | |||
| Desmocollin-1 | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | |||
| 14–3-3 protein sigma | Yes | Yes | - | ↑ | |||
Reported previously in exosomes derived from various sources-could be cell lines/plasma/saliva etc. H = HIV, H+D = HIV+drinkers, H+S = HIV+smokers ‘-’No change, ↓ -down regulation,↑ -up regulation.