Fig. 3.

Schematic of methodology for spatiotemporal kriging and vegetation modeling. (A) We first fitted a latent mixed-membership model to the ancient and present-day genomes. The ancestry proportions were then assigned the temporal and spatial metadata of their respective genomes, which allowed us to perform spatiotemporal kriging to any location and time in the European Holocene. (B) We used a spatiotemporally aware model to understand how patterns of human migration and climate relate to patterns of vegetation type changes during the European Holocene, while accounting for spatiotemporal autocorrelation. We used a bootstrapping method to account for biases due to uneven sampling of ancient genomes. Brighter colors represent higher values of each depicted variable.