3. Malignant hyperthermia treatments according to the guideline.

Immediate treatment	Discontinue all trigger agents; Stop surgery. If surgery must be continued, maintain anesthesia with intravenous (IV) non-trigger anesthetics; Hyperventilate (use a minute volume 2–3 times normal) with 100% oxygen at flows of 10 L/minute; Call for help; Give IV dantrolene 2.5 mg/kg rapidly. Repeat as frequently as needed until the patient responds with a decrease in ETCO2, muscle rigidity, and/or heart rate; Remove the vaporizer and replace the soda lime.
Symptomatic treatment	Treat hyperthermia (temperature >39 °C or less if rapidly rising)	2 000 mL of cold crystalloid solutions (4 °C) IV infusion; Body surface cooling with ice packs and 75% medical alcohol wiped on body surface; Other cooling procedures available; Stop cooling when the temperature has decreased to <38 °C.
	Treat hyperkalemia (K+ >5.9 or less with ECG changes)	Calcium chloride 10 mg/kg or calcium gluconate 30 mg/kg; Sodium bicarbonate: 1–2 mEq/kg IV; Glucose/insulin: For pediatric patients: 0.1 units of regular insulin/kg IV and 0.5 g/kg dextrose; For adult patients: 10 units of regular insulin IV and 50 mL 50% glucose. For refractory hyperkalemia, dialysis, or ECMO if patient is in cardiac arrest may be required.
	Treat acidosis	Sodium bicarbonate: 1–2 mEq/kg IV;
	Treat arrhythmias	Amiodarone: 3 mg/kg IV (300 mg for an adult); β-blockers if tachycardia persists; Avoid calcium channel blockers which may cause hyperkalemia or cardiac arrest while using dontrolene; Treat acidosis and hyperkalemia if present (see above).
	Maintain urinary output	Furosemide 0.5–1 mg/kg and/or mannitol 1 g/kg IV to maintain urine output > 1 mL/(kg∙hour); Crystalloids solutions IV; If creatine kinase or K+ rise, assume myoglobinuria and give bicarbonate infusion of 1 mEq/(kg∙hour) to alkalinize urine.