Table 1:
Baseline characteristics
| Intervention group (n=195) | Standard-of-care group (n=195) | |
|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) age (years) | 31 (27–38) | 32 (27–38) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 119 (61%) | 116 (60%) |
| Male | 76 (39%) | 79 (40%) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Black | 193 (99%) | 193 (99%) |
| Other | 2 (1%) | 2 (1%) |
| Highest level of education | ||
| None or primary school | 10 (5%) | 18 (9%) |
| Did not pass secondary school | 90 (46%) | 75 (39%) |
| Passed secondary school | 64 (33%) | 69 (35%) |
| Tertiary education | 31 (16%) | 33 (17%) |
| Monthly income | ||
| R <1000 (~US$70) | 83 (43%) | 79 (41%) |
| R 1000–4000 (~$70–280) | 80 (41%) | 63 (32%) |
| R >4000 (~$280) | 29 (15%) | 46 (24%) |
| Did not disclose | 3 (2%) | 7 (4%) |
| Has a regular or stable partner | 155 (80%) | 156 (80%) |
| Children | ||
| None | 41 (21%) | 33 (17%) |
| ≥1 child | 154 (79%) | 162 (83%) |
| Primary method of travel to clinic | ||
| Walking | 15 (8%) | 16 (8%) |
| Public transportation | 173 (89%) | 172 (88%) |
| Private transportation | 7 (4%) | 7 (4%) |
| Distance travelled to clinic | ||
| ≤5000 m | 40 (21%) | 46 (24) |
| ≤60 min | 179 (92%) | 180 (92%) |
| Psychosocial and health behaviours | ||
| Positive depression screen* | 19 (10%) | 18 (9%) |
| Intimate partner violence in past year (women only) | 20/119 (17%) | 20/116 (17%) |
| AUDIT C score ≥4 (men only) | 33/76 (43%) | 24/79 (30%) |
| AUDIT C score ≥3 (women only) | 22/119 (19%) | 17/116 (15%) |
| Current smoker | 32 (16%) | 32 (16%) |
| Recreational drug use in past 6 months | 15 (8%) | 13 (7%) |
| Medical history, HIV care, and self-reported ART adherence | ||
| >12 months since HIV diagnosis | 62 (32%) | 66 (34%) |
| ART exposure before initiation of current regimen | 8 (4%) | 10 (5%) |
| Mean (SD) time from ART initiation to study enrolment (days) | 183·8 (17·3) | 183·1 (17·1) |
| ART regimen with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz | 192 (99%) | 195 (100%) |
| Received previous treatment for tuberculosis | 26 (13%) | 34 (17%) |
| Self-report of one or more doses missed in past 4 days | 43 (22%) | 31 (16%) |
| Clinical and laboratory parameters | ||
| WHO clinical stage | ||
| Stage I | 188 (96·4) | 193 (99·0) |
| Stage II | 7 (4%) | 2 (1%) |
| Mean (SD) BMI (kg/m²) | 25·6 (6·0) | 26·0 (6·0) |
| Mean (SD) haemoglobin (g/L) | 128·0 (17·0) | 130·0 (15·0) |
| Mean (SD) creatinine clearance (mL/min†) | 99·3 (29·0) | 100·0 (27·2) |
| Hepatitis B surface antigen positive | 12 (6·2) | 11 (5·6) |
| Median (IQR) CD4 count at ART initiation (cells per L) | 361 (171–546) | 371 (230–551) |
| Median (IQR) CD4 count at enrolment (cells per µL‡) | 462 (275–658) | 473 (340–680) |
| HIV viral load <200 copies per mL at enrolment§ | 179 (92%) | 184 (94%) |
| HIV viral load >1000 copies per mL at enrolment§ | 10 (5%) | 8 (4%) |
| Presence of any HIV drug resistance at enrolment | 7 (4%) | 7 (3%) |
Data are n (%), unless otherwise stated. AUDIT-C=Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Tool. ART=antiretroviral therapy. BMI=body-mass index. R=South African rand.
*
Defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score of 2 or greater.
†
Missing five observations for creatinine clearance (intervention group).
‡
Missing one observation for CD4 cell count at enrolment (standard-of-care group).
§
Viral loads at enrolment measured per protocol by study group.