Table 3.
Survey of articles on radiation countermeasures in the International Journal of Radiation Biology from 2013–2018.
| Class of drug | Volume/dose range (Gy) | Models used | Mechanism (M) / Normal tissue endpoint (N) |
Investigator(s) reference and year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RADIATION PROTECTANTS | ||||
| Sulfhydryl and related compounds: | ||||
| WR 2721/amifostine (pre-RT) | TBI/7 | Mice | (N) Bone marrow progenitor survival | Seed etal., 2014 |
| Natural/Synthetic Antioxidants: | ||||
| a-tocopherol ± ascorbic acid (pre-RT) | TBI/2–100 | Rats | (M) Chromosome aberrations; apoptosis | Vasilyeva et al., 2015 |
| Antrodia cinnamomea extract (pre-RT) | 10–40 | in vitro mouse spleen vs. human tumor | (M) Cell survival; apoptosis; inflammatory mRNA expression | Cheng et al., 2014 |
| Black grape juice (pre- and post-RT) | Whole brain /4x8 (fx) | Rats | (N) Body weight; mandibular osteoradionecrosis | Freitas etal., 2017 |
| BP-2 (lignin-derived polyphenol, pre-and post-RT) | TBI / 4–8 | 2 strains of mouse | (N) Survival; bone marrow/GI endpoints | Bykov etal., 2018 |
| Curcumin (synthetic analogue, pre- + post-RT) | TBI / 11 | 2 strains of mouse | (N) GI protection; apoptosis | Fukuda et al., 2016 |
| (liposome preparation, pre-RT) | 1–3 | Human whole blood | (M/N) Drug uptake; micronuclei induction | Nguyen etal., 2017 |
| Date pit extract (containing range of phenols, pre-RT) | TBI/5–10 | Rats | (N) Survival; liver function and redox markers | Abdel-Magied et al., 2018 |
| Emodin (anthraquinone derivative)(pre-RT) | 3–12 | in vitro splenocytes | (M) Cell survival; redox markers; DNA damage | Sharma & Tiku, 2014 |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (pre-RT) | TBI/4 | Rats | (N) Hippocampal histology; DNA damage; apoptosis; cytokines | El-Missiry et al., 2018 |
| Ferulic (hydroxycinnamic) acid (pre-RT) | TBI/10 | Mice | (M) Splenic oxidative stress response,e.g. GSH content | Das et al., 2016 |
| Fish oil omega-3 fatty acid (pre- and post-RT) | TBI/4x2 | Rats | (M) Brain neurotransmitter and redox markers | Saada etal., 2014 |
| Gingko biloba vs. Angelica archangelica extracts (pre-RT) | 1 mCi 99mTc | Rats | (N) Lens protein changes; redox markers | Khedr etal., 2018 |
| Melatonin (pre-RT) | Local / 9x2 | Rats | (M/N) Thyroid histology; apoptosis; redox markers; cytokines | Aricigil et al., 2017 |
| Morus alba (mulberry leaf) extract (pre-RT) | TBI/7 | Rats | (N) Bone marrow and blood markers | Mohamed & Ashour, 2018 |
| Phenylbutyrate (HDAC inhibitor, pre- and post-RT) | TBI/8.5 | Mice / in vitro 32Dcl3 | (N) Survival; bone marrow effects; DNA damage; inflammation | Miller et al., 2017 |
| Podophyllum hexandrum extracts (pre-RT) | TBI/9 | Mice | (N) Bone marrow suppression; chromosome aberrations | Verma & Gupta, 2015 |
| Resveratrol (+3,3 ’-diindolylmethane, pre-RT) | TBI/4–10 | Mice | (N) Survival; bone marrow function; chromosome aberrations | Thekkekkara et al., 2018 |
| (pre- and post-RT) | TBI/6 | Mice | (N) Late immune function | Zhang etal., 2018 |
| Selenium nanoparticles vs. selenium selenite (pre-RT) | TBI / 2, 8 | Mice | (N) Renal function/nephropathy; redox markers | Karamietal., 2018 |
| Tetrahydroxyisoflavone (vs. DMSO, pre-RT) | TBI/4–12 | Mice / AHH1 cells | (N) Survival; bone marrow function | Liu etal., 2017 |
| Anti-inflammatories: | ||||
| Atorvastatin (pre-RT) | TBI/2 | Mice | (N) Acute kidney damage; redox | Talebpour Amiri et al., 2018 |
| Montelukast (CysLTIR antagonist, pre- and post-RAI) | 111 MBq/kg 131I | Rats | (N) Lung inflammation/fibrosis; cytokine expression | Tokatetal. 2018 |
| STW-5/Iberogast (pre- and post RT) | TBI/6 | Rats | (N) GI damage; inflammation & redox markers | El-Ghazaly et al. 2015 |
| Biologies: | ||||
| Human hepatocyte growth factor (pre-RT) | TBI / 6.5 | Mice | (N) Bone marrow histomorphometry; cell survival | Li et al., 2014 |
| PARP inhibition: 3-aminobenzamide (pre-RT) | TBI/6 | Rats | (N) Apoptosis; redox/inflammation markers in brain, liver, kidney | El-Sheikh et al., 2018 |
| Miscellaneous: | ||||
| Cimetidine (pre-RT) | TBI / 10 | Mice | (N) Thyroid histomorphometry | Fazelipour et al., 2015 |
| RADIATION MITIGATORS | ||||
| Natural/Synthetic Antioxidants: | ||||
| Black grape juice (pre- and post-RT) | Whole brain / 4x8 (fx) | Rats | (N) Body weight; mandibular osteoradionecrosis | Freitas et al., 2017 |
| BP-2 (lignin-derived polyphenol, pre- and post-RT) | TBI / 4–8 | 2 strains of mice | (N) Survival; bone marrow/GI endpoints | Bykovetal., 2018 |
| Curcumin (synthetic analogue, pre- + post-RT) | TBI/11 | 2 strains of mouse | (N) Gl protection; apoptosis | FukudaetaL, 2016 |
| Diospyros kaki (persimmon leaf) extract (post-RT) | TBI/6 | Rats | (N) Liver function assays; redox markers | Ashry etal., 2017 |
| Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet) extract (post-RT) | TBI/4 | Rats | (N) Long-term survival; carcinogenesis | Bespalov et al., 2017 |
| Fish oil omega-3 fatty acid (pre- and post-RT) | TBI / 4x2 | Rats | (M) Brain neurotransmitter and redox markers | Saada et al., 2014 |
| Green tea + grape seed extracts (post- RT) | TBI/5, 10 | Rats | (N) Blood counts; immune markers | El-Desouky et al., 2017 |
| Phenylbutyrate (HDAC inhibitor, pre- and post-RT) | TBI / 8.5 | Mice / in vitro 32Dcl3 | (N) Survival; bone marrow effects; DNA damage; inflammation | Miller etal., 2017 |
| Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) extract ±fish oil (post-RT) | TBI/6 | Rats | (N) Liver, kidney and heart function; redox markers | Abd El-Azime et al., 2014 |
| Anti-inflammatories: | ||||
| Curcumin (nanoparticles) (post-RT) | 0–6 | in vivo THP monocytes | (N) Cell viability; foam cell formation; redox markers | Soltani et al., 2017 |
| Montelukast (CysLTIR antagonist, pre- and post-RAI) | 111 MBq/kg 131I | Rats | (N) Lung inflammation/fibrosis; cytokine expression | Tokatetal., 2018 |
| STDCM-MPL (± antimicrobial therapy, post-RT) | TBI / 9.75 (+ wound) | Mice | (N) Survival; bacterial translocation; sepsis | Elliott et al., 2015 |
| STW-5/Iberogast (pre- and post RT) | TBI/6 | Rats | (N) GI damage; inflammation & redox markers | El-Ghazaly et al., 2015 |
| Thalidomide (post-RT) | Heart/16 | Mice | (N) Heart histomorphometry; inflammation markers | Hovingetal., 2013 |
| Biologies: | ||||
| Anginex (angiogenesis inhibitor) vs. IL-6 vs. flagellin (post-RT) | TBI/7.5; WAI/18 | 2 strains of mouse | (N) Survival; GI morphology; tumor growth | Huang et al., 2018 |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (post- RT) | Local / 30 | Hamster cheek pouch | (N) Oral mucositis; wound healing | Sumikawa et al., 2017 |
| Epidermal growth factor (± BMT, post-RT) | TBI/12–13 | Mice | (N) Survival; GI apoptosis; inflammation markers | Pejchal et al., 2015 |
| Keratinocyte growth factor (post-RT) | Local / 20–50 | Hamster cheek pouch | (N) Oral mucositis; proliferation; inflammation | Watanabe et al., 2014 |
| Miscellaneous: | ||||
| A CEi (captopril, enalopril, fosinopril, lisinopril, Ramipril, post-RTJ | TBI/10 + BMT | Rats | (N) Radiation nephropathy; kidney function | Moulder et al., 2014 |
| Ginseng, eleutherococcus, leuzea (post-RT) | TBI/4 | Rats | (N) Radiation carcinogenesis | Bespalov et al., 2014 |
| RADIATION TREATMENTS | ||||
| Chelating agents | ||||
| 3,4,3-LI(l,2-HOPO) vs. Ca-DTPA (post-RT) | 0.75 kBq 238Pu | Mice | (M) Efficacy | Anetal., 2014 |
| DTP A di-ethyl ester (post-RT) | Inhaled /111 kBq241Am | Dogs | (M) Safety and efficacy | Huckleetal., 2015 |
| Novel polyethylene glycol compound (post-RT) | Inhaled/25.3 mSvU | Dogs | (N) Lung and kidney pathology | Ren etal., 2018 |
Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; BMT: bone marrow transplant; CysLT1R: type 1 cysteine-leukotriene receptor; DTPA: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; GI: gastrointestinal tract; GSH: glutathione; HDAC: histone deacetylase; HOPO: 2,3-dihydroxy-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-tetra-azatetradecane; IL: interleukin; PARP: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RAI: radioactive iodine administration; RT: radiation treatment; STDCM-MPL: synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate and monophosphoryl lipid A; TBI: total body irradiation; WAI: whole abdominal irradiation.