Table 1:

Summary of consequences of adolescent alcohol use in humans and rodents

	Humans	Rodents
Cognitive	Binge/heavy drinking vs control:	Sustained effects into adulthood:
	↓ Immediate recall (short-term memory) (53, 63)	↓ Executive functioning (92–94)
	↓ Delayed retention, recall (long-term memory) (53, 57, 58, 63)	↑ Risk-taking (94, 95, 97–100)
	↓ Learning (57, 58)	↑ Impulsivity (94, 95, 97–100)
	↓ Visuospatial function (58)
	↓ Working memory (52, 53)	Adolescent-specific effects:
		↓ Learning (101–103)
	Dose-dependent relationships:	↓ Memory (101–103)
	↑ Alcohol use =
	↓ General cognitive functioning (57)
	↓ Verbal memory (54, 60, 61)
	↓ Executive functioning (60)
	↓ Semantic clustering (60)
	↓ Reading skills (60)
	↓ Visuospatial function (54) (females only (62))
	↑ Impulsivity (59)
	↑ Withdrawal / hangovers symptoms =
	↓ General cognitive functioning (60)
	↓ Psychomotor speed (54)
	↓ Attention (males) (62)
Neural	Binge/heavy drinking vs control:	Sustained effects into adulthood:
	↓ Gray matter volume, particularly frontal, temporal (65–69)	↓ Gray matter volume (106)
	↓ White matter growth (66–70)	↓ Cortical thickness (107)
	↓ White matter integrity (71–73)	↓ White matter integrity (106, 109–112)
	↑ Cerebrospinal fluid volume cerebellum (66)	↓ Synaptic plasticity (101)
	↑ Brain activation during executive functioning (79, 80)	↓ Connectivity between brain regions (108)
	↓ Brain activation during reward	↓ Neurogenesis (129–135)
	sensitivity tasks (81, 82)	↑ Neuroinflammation (138)
	↑ P3 amplitdue, particular fronto-parietal during executive functioning and attentional control (85–87)
		Dose-dependent relationships:
	Dose-dependent relationships:	↑ GABA inhibitory tone on dopamine system =
	↑ Alcohol use =	↑ Risky decision-making (124)
	↑ Gray matter frontal volume (65)	↑ Cholinergic tone =
	↑ Brain activation during reward sensitivity tasks (81)	↑ Disinhibition (99)
		↑ Risk-taking (125)
		↓ Executive functioning (127)