Table 2.
Effects of SFN on the mitochondria in ex vivo and in vivo experimental models
| Experimental model | Main findings | Reference |
| SFN at 10 mg/kg (i.p. administration) 40 h before extraction of non-synaptic brain mitochondria and an ex vivo challenge with CaCl2 (50 μmol/L) and tBOOH (250 μmol/L) | Partial mitochondrial protection evidenced by Ca2+ ion release from the organelle | Greco and Fiskum, 2010 |
| SFN at 5 mg/kg (i.p. administration) 48 h before isolation of brain mitochondria and ex vivo challenge with 4-HNE (30 μmol/L) | Prevented mitochondrial impaired respiration Decreased the 4-HNE-induced redox impairment in the mitochondrial proteins | Miller et al., 2013 |
| SFN at 5 mg/(kg·d) (i.p. administration) for 5 d before the induction of seizure in mice | Alleviated the seizure-induced decline in state 2 respiration Increased state 3u and state 3 ADP-state 4o respiration Upregulated both complex I-and complex II-driven OCR | Carrasco-Pozo et al., 2015 |
| SFN at 5 mg/kg for 24 h (two doses of SFN through i.p. administration) before induction of excitotoxicity by quinolinic acid in rats | Prevented the decline in ATP production, loss of MMP, and decreased activity of the ETC components in the brain mitochondria of quinolinic acid-treated rats | Luis-García et al., 2017 |
| SFN at 10–40 mg/kg once a day by i.p. injection after CO intoxication in rats | Improved mitochondrial structure in the hippocampus of CO-treated rats Restored MMP Upregulated Nrf2, Trx-1, NQO-1 | Bi et al., 2017 |
| SFN at 5 mg/kg administrated to rats that were exposed to iron during the nenonatal period | Upregulated DNM1L/Drp1 in the hippocampus | Lavich et al., 2015 |
SFN: sulforaphane; i.p.: intraperitoneal; tBOOH: tert-butyl hydroperoxide; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; CO: carbon monoxide; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; ETC: electron transfer chain; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Trx-1: thioredoxin-1; NQO-1: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH):quinone oxidoreductase-1; DNM1L: dynamin-1-like protein, also called Drp1