Fig. 6.

A) Ethanol yields and B) fermentation progression. Pre-treatment conditions; L. digitata: 1.5 N H₂SO₄ (121 °C 24 min) at 25% solids loading (w/v). D. carnosa: Auto-hydrolytical (121 °C 30 min) at 15% solids loading (w/v). U. lactuca: Auto-hydrolytical (121 °C 24 min) at 10% solids loading (w/v). Enzymatic saccharifications all conducted using Novozymes Cellic® CTec2 dosed at 50 FPU/g biomass at 50 °C for 48 h. Solids loading; L. digitata: 2% (w/v). D. carnosa: 8% (w/v). U. lactuca: 8% (w/v). Fermentations conducted at 30 °C with stirring (120 rpm) using S. cerevisiae NCYC2592 at a pitching rate of 1 × 10⁷ cells/mL in 25 mL of hydrolysate. Data are the mean ± SD of three replicate experiments. A: Theoretical ethanol yield based on based on glucose concentration in the three feedstocks. B: Fermentation progression monitored by weight-loss of vessels due to CO₂ evolution