Table 2.

Separate, mixed effect models for the relationships of atrial fibrillation burden and clinical, laboratory, and left atrial echocardiographic parameters.

	β (95% CI)	p value
BMI
Crude	−0.33 (−1.67; 1.0)	0.6
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.33 (−1.7; 1.04)	0.6
History of stroke
Crude	42.59 (23.40; 61.77)	<0.0001
Sex/Age-adjusted	43.09 (23.22; 62.95)	<0.0001
History of CHF
Crude	6.26 (−17.49; 30.02)	0.6
Sex/Age-adjusted	8.54 (−16.4; 33.48)	0.5
History of hypertension
Crude	6.03 (−8.54; 20.59)	0.4
Sex/Age-adjusted	6.01 (−8.84; 20.86)	0.4
24 hour systolic BP
Crude	−0.09 (−0.5; 0.32)	0.7
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.09 (−0.5; 0.32)	0.7
CRP
Crude	−0.84 (−2.23; 0.54)	0.2
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.73 (−2.12; 0.66)	0.3
BNP
Crude	0.05 (0.02; 0.09)	0.005
Sex/Age-adjusted	0.05 (0.02; 0.09)	0.005
Anterior-posterior diameter
Crude	0.6 (−0.09; 1.29)	0.09
Sex/Age-adjusted	0.57 (−0.14; 1.28)	0.1
End-diastolic volume∗
Crude	0.49 (0.23; 0.74)	0.0003
Sex/Age-adjusted	0.49 (0.23; 0.74)	0.0003
End-systolic volume∗
Crude	0.25 (0.05; 0.46)	0.02
Sex/Age-adjusted	0.25 (0.05; 0.46)	0.02
Stroke volume∗
Crude	−0.13 (−0.48; 0.22)	0.5
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.13 (−0.49; 0.23)	0.5
Ejection fraction∗
Crude	−0.43 (−0.76; −0.10)	0.01
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.42 (−0.76; −0.09)	0.01
E-wave
Crude	36.67 (12.96; 60.38)	0.003
Sex/Age-adjusted	37.93 (13.98; 61.89)	0.002
Deceleration time
Crude	−0.1 (−0.16; −0.05)	0.0002
Sex/Age-adjusted	−0.1 (−0.16; −0.05)	0.0002

Data are β coefficients (95% confidence interval). Atrial fibrillation burden was used as the outcome variable. Participant identity numbers were computed as the random effect. Crude models included follow-up years as covariates and were further adjusted for sex and age. ^∗3D echocardiographic parameter, BMI = body mass index, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, BP = blood pressure, CHF = congestive heart failure, and CRP = C-reactive protein.