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. 2020 Apr 25;17:57. doi: 10.1186/s12984-020-00686-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — A comparison of the long-term effects of BCI interventions and control interventions on upper extremity motor function. The inputted data consisted of the change in scores between baseline and follow-up. Five studies followed up with patients from between 6 weeks to six-to-12 months. Ang et al. followed up with subjects twice after the intervention, after 6 weeks and after 18 weeks [48]. Our meta-analysis indicated that BCIs did not show any significant differential effects compared with control interventions when we used the follow-up data from Ang et al.’s study at 6 weeks [48] (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI = − 0.28 – 0.52; I² = 0%; P = 0.540; fixed-effects model)