Table 1.
General characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review
| Study | Intervention characteristics | Outcomes assessed | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Benic [2019] [29] University of Otago New Zealand |
EG: Lozenges [Streptococcus salivarius M18 - 3 × 109 CFU/lozenge] PG: Lozenges without active bacteria Administration: 1 month Dosage: 2 lozenges/d |
Gingival inflammation: Gingival index [33] Adverse effects |
Sample size calculation: Yes, but not for GI Reliability of measurements: Not reported |
|
Gizani et al. [2015] [30] University of Athens Greece |
EG: Lozenges [Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 5289–108 bacteria of each strain] PG: Identical lozenges without active bacteria Administration: from the time of enrollment until debonding (mean ± SD: 17.0 ± 6.8 months) Dosage: 1 lozenge/d; after brushing, before bedtime |
Enamel demineralization: Gorelick et al. [34] White Spot Lesion Index assessed photographically Adverse effects |
Sample size calculation: Yes Reliability of measurements: Yes |
|
Habib [2016] [31] University of Toronto Canada |
EG: Lozenges [Streptococcus salivarius K12, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri - 3 × 109 CFU/lozenge] PG: Identical lozenges without active bacteria Administration: 4 weeks Dosage: loading dose - 2 lozenges, 2 times/d (after breakfast and after dinner) for 1w; maintenance dose; 2 lozenges, 1/d (after breakfast) for next 3 w |
Gingival inflammation: Modified Gingival Index [35] Adverse effects |
Sample size calculation: Yes Reliability of measurements: Yes |
|
Kohar et al. [2015] [32] Trisakti University Indonesia |
EG1: Lozenges [Lactobacillus reuteri - 2 × 108 CFU/lozenge] EG2: Drink [Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota - 6.5 × 106/bottle] CG Administration: 2 weeks Dosage: 1 lozenge or 65 ml/d, at least 1 h after lunch |
Gingival inflammation: Papillary Bleeding Index [36] |
Sample size calculation: Not reported Reliability of measurements: Not reported |
CG Control group, without placebo administration, EG Experimental group, h hour, PG Placebo group, w week