Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Catheterization Data, and Echocardiographic Variables
| Characteristic/ Variable | Control (n = 30) |
All Patients With CAD (n = 60) |
Patients With CAD |
P Value, Control vs. CAD |
P Value, group I vs. group II |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEDP≤15 mmHg (group I, n = 27) |
LVEDP>15 mmHg (group II, n = 33) |
|||||
| Baseline Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y | 53 ± 7 | 56 ± 9 | 58 ± 8 | 55 ± 10 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| Male, n (%) | 20(66.7) | 48(80.0) | 21(77.8) | 27(81.8) | 0.72 | 0.70 |
| HR, beats/min | 64 ± 9 | 66 ± 9 | 67 ± 10 | 66 ± 8 | 0.25 | 0.60 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 119 ± 10 | 128 ± 20 | 127 ± 24 | 128 ± 16 | 0.02 | 0.79 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74 ± 5 | 79 ± 11 | 77 ± 10 | 80 ± 12 | 0.00 | 0.30 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 1.5 | 25.8 ± 2.8 | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 25.8 ± 2.8 | 0.14 | 0.87 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | – | 30(50.0) | 13(48.1) | 17(51.5) | – | 0.41 |
| Hypertension | – | 39(65.0) | 18(66.7) | 21(63.6) | – | 0.81 |
| Dyslipidemia | – | 53(88.3) | 24(88.9) | 29(87.9) | – | 0.74 |
| Prior MI | – | 26(43.3) | 12(44.4) | 14(42.4) | – | 0.66 |
| Mild MR | – | 10(16.7) | 4(14.8) | 6(18.2) | – | 0.96 |
| ≥ Moderate MR | – | 1(1.7) | – | 1(3.0) | – | – |
| CAD: vessel involved, n (%) | ||||||
| Single vessel | – | 16(26.7) | 7(25.9) | 9(27.3) | – | 0.91 |
| Multiple vessels | – | 44(73.3) | 20(74.1) | 24(72.7) | – | 0.91 |
| Culprit vessel, n (%) | ||||||
| LMCA | – | 8(13.3) | 3(11.1) | 5(15.2) | – | 0.94 |
| LAD | – | 54(90.0) | 23(85.2) | 31(93.9) | – | 0.49 |
| RCA | – | 38(63.3) | 17(63.0) | 21(63.6) | – | 0.96 |
| LCx | – | 40(66.7) | 19(70.4) | 21(63.6) | – | 0.58 |
| Coronary dominance, n (%) | ||||||
| Right | – | 51(85.0) | 23(85.2) | 28(84.8) | – | 1.00 |
| Left | – | 5(8.3) | 2(7.4) | 3(9.1) | – | 1.00 |
| Balanced | – | 4(6.7) | 2(7.4) | 2(6.1) | – | 1.00 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||
| β-Blockers | – | 52(86.7) | 24(88.9) | 28(84.8) | – | 0.94 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | – | 60(100.0) | 27(100.0) | 33(100.0) | – | – |
| ACEI/ARBs | – | 55(91.7) | 25(92.6) | 30(90.9) | – | 1.00 |
| CCBs | – | 32(53.3) | 15(55.6) | 17(51.5) | – | 0.76 |
| Loop diuretics | – | 16(26.7) | 6(22.2) | 10(30.3) | – | 0.48 |
| Statins | – | 56(93.3) | 25(92.6) | 31(93.9) | – | 1.00 |
| PCI, n (%) | – | 38(63.3) | 17(63.0) | 21(63.6) | – | 0.96 |
| CABG, n (%) | – | 10(16.7) | 5(18.5) | 5(15.2) | – | 1.00 |
| Catheterization Data | ||||||
| LVEDP, mmHg | – | 18.9 ± 7.8 | 11.9 ± 2.4 | 24.6 ± 5.8 | – | 0.00 |
| Conventional Echocardiographic Variables | ||||||
|
TR peak velocity > 2.8 m/s, n (%) |
– | 5(8.3) | 1(3.7) | 4(12.1) | – | 0.48 |
| Mitral E, cm/s | 75.3 ± 12.1 | 79.4 ± 15.9 | 79.6 ± 20.2 | 79.3 ± 11.7 | 0.29 | 0.95 |
| Mitral A, cm/s | 65.3 ± 14.9 | 71.7 ± 16.8 | 69.9 ± 15.5 | 73.2 ± 17.9 | 0.13 | 0.46 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.21 ± 0.34 | 1.16 ± 0.33 | 1.17 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.78 |
| DT, ms | 166 ± 20 | 178 ± 21 | 178 ± 21 | 177 ± 21 | 0.03 | 0.87 |
| E′septal, cm/s | 9.2 ± 1.8 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.6 | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| E′lateral, cm/s | 12.3 ± 2.2 | 9.4 ± 2.7 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| E′mean, cm/s | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 0.00 | 0.052 |
| E/E′septal | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 12.3 ± 3.0 | 11.3 ± 2.9 | 13.1 ± 2.9 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| E/E′lateral | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.6 | 9.4 ± 2.8 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| E/E′mean | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 10.3 ± 2.6 | 9.6 ± 2.4 | 10.8 ± 2.6 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
| LAEF (%) | 71.2 ± 8.7 | 67.3 ± 6.5 | 69.1 ± 5.7 | 65.8 ± 6.8 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| LAEF-active (%) | 50.8 ± 9.5 | 51.4 ± 8.0 | 53.6 ± 6.7 | 49.7 ± 8.6 | 0.78 | 0.06 |
| LAEF-passive (%) | 40.7 ± 15.7 | 32.4 ± 9.0 | 33.1 ± 9.7 | 31.8 ± 8.5 | 0.03 | 0.56 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 22.1 ± 8.3 | 31.7 ± 5.7 | 30.1 ± 4.7 | 33.0 ± 6.2 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
| LVMI,g/m2 | 75.4 ± 22.0 | 103.5 ± 24.9 | 102.9 ± 27.4 | 104.0 ± 23.2 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
| LVEF, % | 62.8 ± 3.1 | 61.4 ± 3.1 | 61.6 ± 3.2 | 61.2 ± 2.9 | 0.09 | 0.66 |
| 2D-STE Variables | ||||||
| LVGLS (%) | −20.2 ± 1.6 | −19.0 ± 1.8 | −19.5 ± 1.8 | −18.6 ± 1.7 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| LASr (%) | 28.2 ± 4.0 | 23.0 ± 5.1 | 25.6 ± 5.4 | 20.9 ± 3.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| LAScd (%) | −15.2 ± 4.0 | −10.5 ± 3.7 | −11.5 ± 4.1 | −9.6 ± 3.2 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| LASct (%) | −13.0 ± 2.2 | −12.4 ± 3.5 | −13.9 ± 3.9 | −11.2 ± 2.6 | 0.45 | 0.00 |
| LASr/E/E′septal(%) | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs Angiotensin II receptor blockers;
BMI Body mass index; BP Blood pressure; CAD Coronary artery disease; CCBs Calcium channel blockers; CABG Coronary artery bypass graft; DT Deceleration time; E/E′septal Ratio of early-diastolic transmitral flow velocity to tissue Doppler early-diastolic septal mitral annular velocity HR Heart rate; LAD Left anterior descending artery; LAEF Left atrial total emptying fraction; LAEF-active Left atrial active emptying fraction; LAEF-passive Left atrial passive emptying fraction; LAScd Left atrial conduit strain; LASct Left atrial contraction strain; LASr LA reservoir strain; LAVI LA maximal volume index; LCx Left circumflex artery; LMCA Left main coronary artery; LVEDP Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVGLS Left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LVMI Left ventricular mass index; MI Myocardial infarct; MR Mitral regurgitation; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA Right coronary artery; TR Tricuspid regurgitation; 2D-STE two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography