Table 1.
Characteristics of people admitted with a principal admission diagnosis of HF for the first time to the general medicine or cardiology service after self-referral to the Emergency Department of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital from 2008-2017 (N=1967*)
| White | Black | Latinx | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=1312 | n=465 | n=190 | ||
| Age at first admission | 77 (66-84) | 66 (56-76) | 71 (58-79) | <.0001 |
| Female | 601 (46) | 264 (57) | 114 (60) | <.0001 |
| Boston Metro Resident † | 1031 (79) | 440 (95) | 176 (93) | <.0001 |
| English as Primary Language | 1239 (94) | 437 (94) | 54 (28) | <.0001 |
| Medicaid | 54 (4) | 61 (13) | 53 (28) | <.0001 |
| Area Deprivation Index National Percentile, (N=1754) | 13 (7-23) | 30 (21-40) | 36 (22-98) | <.0001 |
| Seen in institutional cardiology clinic in last year | 672 (51) | 188 (40) | 93 (49) | 0.0003 |
| Seen by institutional PCP in last year | 407 (31) | 210 (45) | 95 (50) | <.0001 |
| HFpEF | 464 (35) | 156 (34) | 63 (33) | 0.70 |
| Specific Comorbidity | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 178 (14) | 63 (14) | 15 (8) | 0.088 |
| Valvular Disease | 468 (36) | 111 (24) | 45 (24) | <.0001 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 363 (28) | 138 (30) | 59 (31) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes | 25 (2) | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | 0.83 |
| Psychiatric disease | 195 (15) | 67 (14) | 30 (16) | 0.90 |
| Cancer | 138 (11) | 39 (8) | 10 (5) | 0.04 |
| Drug Use Disorder | 14 (1) | 10 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.13 |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 8 (1) | 5 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.54 |
| Hypertension | 940 (72) | 373 (80) | 153 (81) | 0.0002 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 523 (40) | 222 (48) | 76 (40) | 0.01 |
| End-Stage Renal Disease | 37 (3) | 47 (10) | 15 (8) | <.0001 |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 56 (4) | 25 (5) | 15 (8) | 0.08 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | ||||
| Overall | 12 (8-17) | 12 (9-16) | 12 (8-15) | 0.10 |
| Cardiovascular | 7 (7-10) | 7 (7-10) | 7 (7-7) | 0.0005 |
| Non-cardiovascular | 5 (0-8) | 5 (0-8) | 3 (1-6) | 0.78 |
| Year of first admission | ||||
| 2008-2010 | 506 (39) | 177 (38) | 73 (38) | 0.97 |
| 2011-2013 | 479 (36) | 167 (36) | 72 (38) | |
| 2014-2017 | 336 (26) | 121 (26) | 45 (24) | |
| Admitted to cardiology service | 874 (67) | 247 (53) | 100 (53) | <.0001 |
Data are presented as N (%) unless otherwise specified. For continuous variables, median (IQR) are shown.
*
Unless otherwise noted
†
Per US Census Bureau
Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PCP, primary care provider