Table 2.
Eating behavior traits in alternate-day fasting and calorie restriction weight loss groups.
| Low-weight-loss group (<5% weight loss) | High-weight-loss group (≥5% weight loss) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADF | Baseline | Month 12 | p-value1 within group | Baseline | Month 12 | p-value1 within group | p-value2 between groups |
| Eating behaviors | |||||||
| Restrained eating score | 34 ± 4 | 37 ± 5 | 0.64 | 36 ± 3 | 35 ± 4 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| Self-efficacy score | 72 ± 5 | 75 ± 5 | 0.53 | 79 ± 3 | 80 ± 4 | 0.69 | 0.36 |
| Hunger (mm) | 32 ± 8 | 39 ± 7 | 0.43 | 45 ± 1 | 27 ± 8 | 0.03 | 0.24 |
| Fullness (mm) | 61 ± 7 | 53 ± 7 | 0.23 | 30 ± 9 | 53 ± 8 | 0.04 | 0.99 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||
| Energy intake, fast day (kcal) | – | 1229 ± 161 | – | – | 1058 ± 168 | – | 0.48 |
| Excess energy intake, fast day (kcal)3 | – | 414 ± 74 | – | – | 133 ± 98 | – | 0.03 |
| Energy intake, feast day (kcal) | 1617 ± 126 | 1601 ± 175 | 0.24 | 1787 ± 307 | 1647 ± 227 | 0.09 | 0.88 |
| Protein intake, fast day (%) | 17 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 0.07 | 15 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 0.04 | 0.37 |
| Protein intake, fast day (g) | 70 ± 5 | 73 ± 5 | 0.45 | 68 ± 4 | 84 ± 4 | 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Proportion of participants adherent (%) | – | 28 | – | – | 44 | – | 0.16 |
| Physical activity (steps/d) | 8112 ± 618 | 7384 ± 890 | 0.58 | 7439 ± 1151 | 7906 ± 1474 | 0.61 | 0.81 |
| CR | Baseline | Month 12 | p-value1 within group | Baseline | Month 12 | p-value1 within group | p-value2 between groups |
| Eating behaviors | |||||||
| Restrained eating score | 34 ± 4 | 36 ± 4 | 0.67 | 38 ± 5 | 34 ± 5 | 0.47 | 0.75 |
| Self-efficacy score | 78 ± 4 | 76 ± 3 | 0.60 | 71 ± 4 | 78 ± 4 | 0.55 | 0.84 |
| Hunger (mm) | 35 ± 6 | 29 ± 5 | 0.25 | 38 ± 8 | 38 ± 6 | 0.91 | 0.25 |
| Fullness (mm) | 66 ± 4 | 62 ± 4 | 0.38 | 50 ± 8 | 59 ± 6 | 0.10 | 0.67 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||
| Energy intake, every day (kcal) | 1890 ± 156 | 1726 ± 136 | 0.08 | 1902 ± 179 | 1882 ± 306 | 0.21 | 0.63 |
| Protein intake, every day (%) | 16 ± 1 | 17 ± 1 | 0.27 | 16 ± 1 | 16 ± 2 | 0.70 | 0.24 |
| Protein intake, every day (g) | 76 ± 6 | 73 ± 5 | 0.50 | 76 ± 5 | 74 ± 8 | 0.76 | 0.87 |
| Proportion of participants adherent (%) | – | 55 | – | – | 68 | – | 0.47 |
| Physical activity (steps/d) | 6884 ± 558 | 7268 ± 1038 | 0.27 | 6553 ± 754 | 8124 ± 1481 | 0.40 | 0.31 |
All values reported as mean ± standard error of the mean.
1
p-value within-weight-loss group from baseline to month 12: Paired samples t-test.
2
p-value between low- versus high-weight-loss groups at month 12: Independent samples t-test.
3
Excess intake on the fast day calculated as the mean difference between prescribed energy intake versus actual energy intake at month 12. There was no difference between the ADF low-weight-loss group and the CR low-weight-loss group for any parameter. There was no difference between ADF high-weight-loss group and CR high-weight-loss group for any parameter.
ADF: alternate-day fasting; CR: calorie restriction.