Table 1.
Description of Parenting Measures
| Measure | Age | Informant | Format | Example items/statements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive stimulation | ||||
| Activities with mother | 5 | Mother | 12 items with “yes”/“no” responses, reliabilitya α = .59 | “Have you and the children … visited a museum?” “… been to a park?” |
| Child stimulation | 7, 10, 12 | Interviewer | Six items with “yes”/“a little”/“no” responses, mean reliability α = .75 | “Do the children have toys and puzzles?” “Do the children have books?” |
| Warm, sensitive parenting | ||||
| Maternal warmth | 5, 10 | Mother | 5 min speech sampleb, interrater agreement κ = .90 | “She is a delight, she is so happy, I love taking her out, she is my ray of sunshine” |
| Maternal dissatisfaction | 5, 10 | Mother | 5 min speech sampleb, interrater agreement κ=.84 | “I wish I had never had her … she’s a cow, I hate her.” |
| Positive parenting | 7, 10 | Interviewer | Five items with “yes”/“a little”/“no” responses, mean reliability α = .82 | “Is the parent affectionate to the child?” “Does the parent display warmth toward the child?” |
| Negative parenting | 7, 10 | Interviewer | Seven items with “yes”/“a little”/“no” responses, mean reliability α = .75 | “Is the parenting of the child overly strict?” “Is the parent controlling toward the child?” |
| Household chaos (reverse‐coded) | ||||
| Interviewer report | 7, 10, 12 | Interviewer | Three items with “yes”/“a little”/“no” responses, mean reliability α = .56 | “Is the house chaotic or overly noisy?” “Do the children have a predictable daily schedule?” |
| Mother and child report | 12 | Mother, child | 12 items with “not”/“somewhat”/“very often or often true” responses, mean reliability α = .77 | “You can hardly hear yourself think in our home” “We are always losing things at home” |
| Safe, tidy home | 5, 7, 10, 12 | Interviewer | 2–4 items (depending on age) with “yes”/“a little”/“no” responses, mean reliability α = .82 | “Did the home or flat appear safe?” “Are visible rooms of the house clean?” |