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. 2020 Apr 27;10:7078. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63796-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the possible mechanism of action of neutrophils. (A) Basal situation of a patient-derived xenograft. Necrotic areas are represented in a squamous lung cancer, in which an immune infiltrate of murine myeloid cells, including neutrophils, is evident. (B) Intra-tumor distribution of anti-PD-1 therapy. The anti-PD-1 antibody can bind to the PD-1 receptor on the neutrophil membrane; in addition, anti-PD-1 can recognize fragment crystallizable (Fc) gamma receptors (FcγR) and binds to their antibody Fc region. (C) Acute inflammatory reaction and neutrophil-mediated opsonization. Following on from (B), there is an inflammatory chain reaction and neutrophils acquire cytotoxic capacity and release nitric oxide (red circles in the figure), resulting in more extensive necrotic areas and subsequent tumor regression.