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. 2020 Apr 27;11:2045. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15731-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Quantum dots coated with a chloroplast guiding peptide (in blue) and a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) molecular basket (in magenta) enable loading of methyl viologen (MV-Chl-QD) or ascorbic acid (Asc-Chl-QD) and targeted modification of the redox status of chloroplasts in planta. The Rubisco small subunit (RbcS) targeting peptide is designed to bind to the translocon supercomplex on the chloroplast outer membrane (TOC). b Multiple sequence alignment analysis (Clustal Omega) of RbcS 1 A chloroplast transit peptide sequences in common dicot crops and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Asterisk indicates the identical amino acids among all the aligned sequences. Colon and dot indicate conserved substitutions in which an amino acid is replaced by another one with similar properties. Empty space represents a non-conserved substitution. Dash lines are introduced for optimal alignment and maximum similarity between all compared sequences. c Frequency logo plot of RbcS 1 A targeting peptide consensus sequence across selected dicot species. A score of 4 on y-axis means 100% conserved. d Rational design of chloroplast guiding peptide based on RbcS peptide biorecognition motif for nanoparticle targeting and translocation across chloroplast membranes. The chloroplast targeting peptide includes recognition sites for chloroplast import machinery by TOC, a cysteine residue at the C-terminus for conjugation with NHS-PEG₄-MAL linker, and two glycine (G) amino acids as spacers and for increasing the peptide solubility.