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. 2020 Apr 27;11:2045. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15731-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Representative transmission electron microscopy image of MPA-QD showing the average diameter of the QD nanoparticle core of 4.3 ± 0.2 nm (n = 3). b Hydrodynamic diameter measured by DLS (pH 7) of MPA-QD (6.1 ± 0.5 nm, n = 4) and Chl-QD (24.5 ± 2.5 nm, n = 5). Values are means and ± indicates standard deviation. c High zeta potential of MPA-QD (−52.6 ± 4.7 mV, n = 6) and Chl-QD (−28.4 ± 3.8 mV, n = 17) that allows penetration through lipid bilayers in the cell membrane and chloroplasts. Box plot error bars represent standard deviation, boxes are the interquartile range from the first to the third quartile, and horizontal line represents the mean. Statistical comparison was performed by independent samples t-test (two tailed). *** indicates P < 0.001. d Fluorescence emission spectra of MPA-QD and Chl-QD in the range of low background fluorescence emission from leaves. e FTIR spectra of MPA-QD, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) coated QD (CD-QD) and Chl-QD indicating successful functionalization of QD with β-CD and guiding peptide.