Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical and behavioral characteristics by enrollment year
| Enrollment year (N = 2910) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 n = 1123 |
2007 n = 985 |
2008 n = 802 |
|||
| Demographic characteristics | Category | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p Value |
| Gender | Male | 348 (31.0) | 353 (35.8) | 311 (38.8) | .0013 |
| Female | 775 (69.0) | 632 (64.2) | 491 (61.2) | ||
| Age categories (years) | 18 to <40 | 97 (8.6) | 132 (13.4) | 110 (13.7) | <.0001 |
| 40 to <50 | 232 (20.7) | 190 (19.3) | 202 (25.2) | ||
| 50 to <60 | 364 (32.4) | 329 (33.4) | 267 (33.3) | ||
| ≥60 | 430 (38.3) | 334 (33.9) | 223 (27.8) | ||
| Education | Post high school | 558 (55.8) | 495 (57.1) | 354 (54) | .4953 |
| 0–12 years | 442 (44.2) | 372 (42.9) | 301 (46) | ||
| Employment status | Employed | 514 (53.7) | 432 (53) | 306 (50.7) | .0810 |
| Retired | 195 (20.4) | 147 (18) | 103 (17.1) | ||
| Unemployed/student | 249 (26) | 236 (29) | 195 (32.3) | ||
| Marital status | Married or live together | 542 (59.6) | 432 (56.4) | 314 (55.3) | .1036 |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 258 (28.4) | 224 (29.2) | 158 (27.8) | ||
| Never married | 109 (12.0) | 110 (14.4) | 96 (16.9) | ||
| Annual household income | <15k | 227 (26.3) | 248 (33.4) | 198 (35.5) | .0058 |
| 15 to <30k | 245 (28.4) | 205 (27.6) | 151 (27.1) | ||
| 30 to <50k | 228 (26.5) | 175 (23.6) | 128 (23.0) | ||
| ≥50k | 162 (18.8) | 115 (15.5) | 80 (14.4) | ||
| Clinical characteristics | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p Value | |
| Years since diabetes diagnosis Median (5th; 95th percentile) |
6.41 (0.35; 22.51)c | 5.89 (0.22; 20.75) | 5.89 (0.13; 21.28)a | .0028 | |
| Diabetes for less than a year | 120 (11.3%) | 134 (14.1%) | 148 (19.5%) | <.0001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.69 (7.83) | 36.65 (8.01) | 36.55 (8.42) | .9270 | |
| Waist circumference (Inches) | 45.38 (6.50) | 45.74 (6.89) | 45.91 (6.97) | .2200 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.81 (16.49) | 128.74 (16.39) | 128.72 (16.45) | .9912 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.44 (9.88)c | 76.12 (10.19) | 76.82 (10.37)a | .0130 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.57 (1.75)b,c | 7.85 (2.00)a | 8.06 (2.14)a | <.0001 | |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 43.73 (11.88) | 43.92 (11.87) | 43.14 (11.18) | .3526 | |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 98.31 (31.51) | 99.74 (33.07) | 97.63 (32.9) | .3744 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) Median (5th; 95th percentile) |
158 (74; 413)b | 151 (69; 398)a | 158 (71; 467) | .0420 | |
| Healthy diet score (range: 1–6) | 3.62 (0.79)b,c | 3.47 (0.81)a | 3.47 (0.80)a | <.0001 | |
| Unhealthy diet score (range: 1–6) | 2.58 (0.69)b,c | 2.66 (0.75)a | 2.71 (0.76)a | .0005 | |
| Physical activity (minutes per week) Median (5th; 95th percentile) |
52.5 (0; 345)b,c | 60.0 (0; 420)a | 60 (0; 450)a | .0045 | |
| 2006 n = 1123 |
2007 n = 985 |
2008 n = 802 |
p Value | ||
| Behavioral characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Physical activity goal (≥150 min per week) | 257 (23.2) | 275 (27.9) | 258 (32.3) | <.0001 | |
| Stages of change for exercise | Pre/Contemplation | 194 (19.6) | 171 (20.7) | 129 (20.1) | .0039 |
| Preparation | 364 (36.8) | 301 (36.4) | 250 (38.9) | ||
| Action | 180 (18.2) | 199 (24.1) | 137 (21.3) | ||
| Maintenance | 251 (25.4) | 155 (18.8) | 126 (19.6) | ||
| Stages of change for diet | Pre/Contemplation | 148 (15.7) | 137 (18.0) | 115 (19.2) | .0011 |
| Preparation | 222 (23.6) | 212 (27.8) | 153 (25.5) | ||
| Action | 240 (25.5) | 201 (26.4) | 179 (29.8) | ||
| Maintenance | 332 (35.2) | 212 (27.8) | 153 (25.5) | ||
| Stages of change for weight control | Pre/Contemplation | 235 (23.7) | 223 (26.8) | 165 (25.5) | .4252 |
| Action | 557 (56.2) | 465 (56.0) | 357 (55.3) | ||
| Maintenance | 199 (20.1) | 143 (17.2) | 124 (19.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 199 (17.7) | 203 (20.6) | 198 (24.7) | .0010 | |
| Aspirin use | 841 (78.0) | 724 (76.1) | 583 (75.1) | .3237 | |
| Clinical goal attainment at baseline | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p Value | |
| BMI goal (<30 kg/m2) | 204 (18.2) | 180 (18.3) | 163 (20.3) | .4318 | |
| Waist goal (<40 inches male, <35 inches female) | 72 (6.6) | 69 (7.1) | 65 (8.2) | .3800 | |
| Blood pressure goal (<130/80 mmHg) | 486 (43.3) | 420 (42.6) | 334 (41.8) | .7913 | |
| HbA1c goal (<7%) | 499 (44.4) | 408 (41.5) | 312 (39.0) | .0523 | |
| HDL goal (>40 mg/dl male, >50 mg/ dl female) | 367 (32.8) | 320 (32.6) | 273 (34.2) | .7355 | |
| LDL goal (<100 mg/dl) | 594 (54.6) | 509 (52.9) | 443 (57.7) | .1369 | |
| Triglycerides goal (<150 mg/dl) | 512 (45.7) | 481 (48.9) | 367 (45.8) | .2789 | |
Values are estimated differences from a linear mixed model or a generalized mixed model. BMI body mass index; HDL high-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein; SD standard deviation.
aSignificantly different from the mean of 2006 cohort at α = 0.017 (based on Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).
bSignificantly different from the mean of 2007 cohort at α = 0.017 (based on Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).
cSignificantly different from the mean of 2008 cohort at α = 0.017 (based on Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).