Table 1.

Summary of All Publications on Detection, Prevalence, and/or Clinical Impact of Low-Abundance Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants in ARV Drug-Naive, Adult Individuals (92 Publications, 103 Studies)

Parameter	Studies, n (%)
Number of participants, median (min–max)	65 (1–1148)
Stage of HIV-1 infection at time of inclusion
Acute/recent  (Mainly) chronic  Not specified	17 (16.5) 44 (42.7) 42 (40.8)
Type of specimen used for LA-DRVs detection
Plasma  PBMCs  Serum  Dried blood spot  CSF  Virus isolate	97 (94.2) 10 (9.7) 4 (3.9) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.0)
Geographic area
Europe  North America  Africa  Asia  Latin America  Worldwide  Europe/North America  Not specified	40 (38.8) 21 (20.4) 19 (18.4) 12 (11.7) 4 (3.9) 4 (3.9) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.0)
Type of study
Prevalence  Prevalence and clinical impact of LA-DRVs  Case-control studies  Case reports  Meta-analysis	61 (59.2) 30 (29.1) 9 (8.7) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.0)
Detection method of LA-DRVs
454 pyrosequencing  AS-PCR  Illumina NGS  Cloning + sequencing  HIV-SNaPshot  OLA  Pyrosequencing (Pyro-Mark)  DEEPGEN NGS  RCA  SGA  SMRTS (PacBio)	34 (33.0) 34 (33.0) 25 (24.3) 3 (2.9) 2 (1.9) 2 (1.9) 2 (1.9) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.0)
Inclusion/exclusion of individuals harboring DRVs detected by population sequencing
DRVs not excluded  Certain DRVs excluded  Any DRVs excluded  Presence of DRVs as inclusion criteria  No population sequencing performed/no data shown	32 (31.1) 15 (14.6.) 9 (8.7) 4 (3.9) 25 (24.3)

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; AS-PCR, allele-specific polymerase chain reaction; CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; DRV, drug-resistant HIV-1 variant; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LA, low abundance; NGS, next-generation sequencing; OLA, oligonucleotide ligation assay; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RCA, rolling-circle amplification; SGA, single genome amplification; SMRTS, single molecule real-time sequencing.