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. 2020 Apr 24;8:e8970. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8970

Figure 4. Osteogenic potential of BMMSCs in response to exosome-based incubation (control: cells in normal osteogenic cultures); BMMSCs were incubated in normal osteogenic medium supplemented with exosomes (M0-Exos, M1-Exos or M2-Exos).

Figure 4

(A) General view of Alizarin red S stained cells after 14 days of osteogenic induction. (B) Representative images of Alizarin red S staining captured under the microscope (scale bar: 250 μm). (C) Quantitative analysis results of mineralized nodules. (D) General view of ALP staining after 7 days of osteogenic induction. (E) Representative images of ALP staining captured under the microscope (scale bar: 250 μm). (F) Statistical analysis results of the ALP activity. (G–K) Expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, BMP-2, COL-1, OCN and Runx2) in the BMMSCs (qRT-PCR assay). Values were normalized to the level of β-Actin. Data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences between the indicated columns.