Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to maternal PCOSa and hirsutism status among all singletons and one randomly selected twin of each pair
| Sociodemographic characteristics | All | PCOS | Hirsutism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, n (%) | 1651 (100) | 194 (11.8) | 63 (3.8) |
| Maternal Characteristics | |||
| Age, year, mean ± SD | 31.3 ± 5.9 | 31.5 ± 4.7 | 32.2 ± 4.5 |
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 1412 (85.5) | 168 (86.6) | 57 (90.5) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Less than high school | 53 (3.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| High school or GED equivalent | 158 (9.6) | 11 (5.7) | 4 (6.3) |
| Some college | 421 (25.5) | 60 (30.9) | 21 (33.3) |
| College | 414 (25.1) | 55 (28.4) | 18 (28.6) |
| Advanced degree | 605 (36.6) | 67 (34.5) | 20 (31.7) |
| Private insurance, n (%) | 1354 (82.0) | 175 (90.2) | 56 (88.9) |
| Married or living as married, n (%) | 1468 (91.4) | 184 (95.3) | 59 (93.7) |
| History of affective disorder, n (%) | 288 (17.7) | 43 (22.2) | 19 (30.2) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 162 (9.8) | 14 (7.2) | 3 (4.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 26.9 ± 7.0 | 30.4 ± 8.2 | 32.2 ± 8.7 |
| Paternal characteristics | |||
| Age, year, mean ± SD | 33.6 ± 6.7 | 33.4 ± 5.5 | 34.1 ± 5.4 |
| History of affective disorder, n (%) | 127 (7.8) | 16 (8.2) | 6 (9.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 30.4 ± 6.1 | 31.5 ± 6.5 |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Child sex, male, n (%) | 876 (53.1) | 100 (51.5) | 29 (46.0) |
| Maternal reported diagnosis | |||
| ADHD, n (%) | 148 (9.1) | 22 (11.7) | 11 (19.0) |
| Anxiety, n (%) | 125 (7.7) | 23 (12.2) | 7 (12.1) |
| Conduct disorder, n (%) | 99 (6.1) | 15 (8.0) | 8 (13.8) |
| Maternal reported diagnosis or screen on VADPRS | |||
| ADHD, n (%) | 164 (10.1) | 24 (12.8) | 11 (19.0) |
| Borderline behavioral problems, SDQ | |||
| Emotional symptoms, n (%) | 167 (14.1) | 31 (21.2) | 17 (37.8) |
| Peer relationship problems, n (%) | 185 (15.7) | 25 (17.1) | 12 (26.7) |
| Conduct problems, n (%) | 172 (14.6) | 21 (14.4) | 12 (26.7) |
| Hyperactivity/inattention, n (%) | 188 (15.9) | 29 (19.9) | 11 (24.4) |
| Prosocial problems, n (%) | 73 (6.2) | 12 (8.2) | 3 (6.7) |
a
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BMI, body mass index; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; VADPRS, Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale