Table I.
Characteristics of studies included.
| Age | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (year) | Country of origin | Diagnosis Etiology | Number of method | participants | Gender | MB | NB | Study conclusions (Based on P-values) | (Refs.) |
| Chambi-Rocha (2018) | Spain | NS | Airflow sensor | MB: 56 NB: 42 | NS | 7-9 y & 10-16 y& | 7-9 y 10-16 y | ● Greater palatal length in MB ● Increased LAFH in MB | (30) |
| El Aouame (2016) | Morocco | NS | NS | MB: 23 NB: 30 | MB: (M, 12; F, 11) NB: (M, 13; F, 17) | 16 y 8 m±NR | 14 y 4 m±NR | ● Mandibular retrusion in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Increased TAFH and decreased PFH in MB | (29) |
| Agostinho (2015) | Spain | Allergic rhinitis | Standard questionnaire & CE | MB: 35 NB: 35 | MB: (M, 24; F, 11) NB: (M, 17; F, 18) | 10 y 2 m±NR | 11 y 5 m±NR | ● Increased LAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Shorter maxillary and mandibular length in MB | (7) |
| Chung Leng Muñoz (2014) | Spain questionnaire & CE | NS | Standard | MB: 53 NB: 65 | MB: (M, 33; F, 20) NB: (M, 34; F, 31) | M: 10.06±1.5 F: 9.3±1.8 | M: 10.58±1.1 F: 10.36±1.1 | ● Mandibular retrusion in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Greater inclination of OP in MB | (28) |
| Basheer (2014) | Saudi Arabia | Group 1: Enlarged adenoids and nasopharynx obstruction of 60% Group 2: No nasal obstruction | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB1: 20 MB2: 20 NB: 10 | NS | 6-12 y | 6-12 y | ● Increase in maxillary and mandibular incisor proclination in MB ● Convex facial profile in MB | (8) |
| Souki (2012) | Brazil | Adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 126 NB: 126 | MB: (M, 73; F, 53) NB: (M, 65; F, 61) | 6 y 3 m±2 y 1 m | 6 y 9 m±1 y 11 m | ● Increase in maxillary and mandibular incisor proclination in MB | (34) |
| Malhotra (2012) | India | NS | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 54 NB: 46 | M, 66 F, 34 | 6-9 y & 9-12 y | 6-9 y & 9-12 y | ● Greater TAFH and LAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Greater inclination of gonial angle in MB | (27) |
| Ucar (2012) | Turkey | NS | CE | MB: 34 NB: 32 | MB: (M, 16; F, 18) NB: (M, 8; F, 24) | 12.8±1.5 y | 13.5±1.3 y | ● Retrognathic maxilla in MB ● Greater TAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Increase in mandibular incisor proclination in MB ● Posterior rotation of palatal plane in MB | (6) |
| Bakor (2011) | Brazil | Allergic rhinitis, obstructive hypertrophy of the palatine and/or pharyngeal tonsils, and nasal septum deviation | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 10 NB: 10 | MB: (M, 3; F, 7) NB: (M, 7; F, 3) | 12.7±1.7 y | 13.9±2.6 y | ● Reduced facial index in MB ● Reduced maxillary width in MB | (3) |
| D'Ascanio (2010) | Italy | Nasal septal deviation | CE, nasopharyngoscopy, rhinomanometry | MB: 98 NB: 98 | MB: (M, 59; F, 39) NB: (M, 26; F, 35) | 7-12 y | NS | ● Greater UAFH and TAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Increased gonial angle in MB ● Increased palatal height and overjet in MB ● Retrognathic maxilla and mandible in MB | (33) |
| Harari (2010) | Israel | Nasal obstruction | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 55 NB: 61 | MB: (M, 28; F, 27) NB: (M, 26; F, 35) | 12.49±1.94 y | 12.55±2.11 y | ● Backward and downward rotation of mandible in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Higher palatal plane in MB ● Narrowing of upper and lower arches in MB | (4) |
| Cuccia (2008) | Italy | NS | History & parental reporting | MB: 35 NB: 35 | MB: (M,14; F, 21) NB: (M,16; F, 19) | 8.8±2.2 y | 9.7±1.6 y | ● Hyperdivergent growth pattern in MB | (9) |
| Juliano (2009) | Brazil | NS | History & parental reporting | MB: 52 NB: 90 | NS | 10.4±2.06 y | 10.83±1.8 y | ● Retrognathic mandible in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Greater inclination of OP in MB | (26) |
| Frasson (2006) | Brazil | NS | Standard questionnaire, CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 25 NB: 25 | MB: (F, 25) NB: (F, 25) | 9-12 y | 9-12 y | ● No difference between MB and NB | (10) |
| Lessa (2005) | Brazil | Severe nasal obstruction | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 30 NB: 30 | MB: (M, 7; F, 23) NB: (M, 14; F, 16) | 6-10 y | 6-10 y | ● Decreased PFH and Increased LAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP in MB | (32) |
| Mattar (2004) | Brazil | Severe nasopharyngeal obstruction | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 44 NB: 29 | NS | 3-6 y | 3-6 y | ● Greater inclination of MP and palatal plane in MB ● Dolicocephalic pattern in MB ● Decreased PFH in MB ● Narrow maxillary arch in molar region in MB | (25) |
| Faria (2002) | Brazil | Severe nasopharyngeal obstruction | CE & nasopharyngoscopy | MB: 20 NB: 15 | NS | 7-10 y | 7-10 y | ● Greater inclination of MP in MB ● Retrognathic maxilla and mandible in MB | (24) |
| Trask (1987) | USA | Allergic rhinitis | Standard questionnaire & CE | MB: 25 NB: 25 | NS | 5 y 7 m-13 y5 m | 5 y 1 m-14 y 11 m | ● Greater inclination of MP and palatal plane in MB ● Increased gonial angle in MB ● Greater TAFH and LAFH in MB ● Retruded mandible in MB ● Deeper palatal height in MB ● Retroclined mandibular incisors in MB | (23) |
| Bresolin (1983) | USA | Allergic rhinitis | Standard questionnaire & CE | MB: 30 NB: 15 | NS | 6-12 y | 6-12 y | ● Greater UAFH and TAFH in MB ● Greater inclination of MP and palatal plane in MB ● Increased gonial angle in MB ● Retruded maxilla and mandible in MB ● Deeper palatal height in MB ● Narrow maxillary arch in molar region in MB | (31) |
Age is expressed as the range/mean ± standard deviation. MB, mouth breathers; NB, nasal breathers; NS, not specified; NR, not reported; M, males; F, females; y, years; m, months; CE, clinical examination; TAFH, total anterior facial height; LAFH, lower anterior facial height; UAFH, upper anterior facial height; PFH, posterior facial height; MP, mandibular plane; OP, occlusal plane.