Table 1.
Viral infection and SG formation.
| Family | Species | Genome | SG formation | Mechanism of inhibition or activation | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Picornaviridae | Poliovirus | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes (transient) | G3BP1 cleavage by 3C protease | 30, 67 |
| EMCV | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes (transient) | G3BP1 cleavage by 3C protease | [29] | |
| Mengovirus | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Inhibition by leader protein | [37] | |
| TMEV | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Inhibition by leader protein | [37] | |
| Togaviridae | Sindbis virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes (transient) | PKR-and GCN2-dependent. tRNA-like motifs in the genome are responsible for GCN2 activation | 28, 29 |
| SFV | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes (transient) | [33] | ||
| Rubella virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | [115] | ||
| Flaviviridae | West Nile virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Recruitment of TIA/TIAR to replication complexes | 48, 116 |
| Dengue virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Recruitment of TIA/TIAR to replication complexes | [48] | |
| JEV | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Core protein interacts with caprin 1 | [44] | |
| HCV | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes | 5′-UTR of HCV genome activates PKR | 34, 35, 36, 117, 118 | |
| Nidoviridae | Coronavirus | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes | Host polypyrimidine tract-binding protein is essential | [119] |
| Mouse hepatitis virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | Yes | [120] | ||
| Rhabdoviridae | VSV | ssRNA (− sense) | Yes or no? (strain-dependent?) | 29, 121 | |
| Paramyxoviridae | Sendai virus | ssRNA (− sense) | No | Inhibition of PKR activation by C and V proteins Viral trailer RNA also inhibits SG through interacting with TIAR |
45, 46 |
| Measles virus | ssRNA (− sense) | No | C protein activates ADAR, resulting in PKR inhibition | [39] | |
| RSV | ssRNA (− sense) | Yes | PKR-dependent. Trailer RNA inhibits SG formation | 122, 123, 124 | |
| Orthomyxoviridae | Influenza virus | ssRNA (− sense, segmented) | No | NS1 blocks PKR activation | 41, 42, 43 |
| Arenaviridae | Junin virus | ss Ambisense RNA | No | Nucleoprotein and glycoprotein precursor are implicated to inhibit eIF2α phosphorylation | [125] |
| Reoviridae | Reovirus | dsRNA (segmented) | Yes (Transient) | Involvement of ATF accumulation in SG disassembly is suggested | 32, 126, 127 |
| Rotavirus | dsRNA (segmented) | No | Inhibition by NSP3? | [47] | |
| Adenoviridae | Adenovirus | Linear dsDNA | No | Inhibition by E1A | [29] |
| Poxviridae | Vaccinia virus | dsDNA | No | Inhibition by E3L | 128, 129 |
| ? | Cricket paralysis virus | ssRNA (+ sense) | No | Viral infection inhibits SG by unknown mechanisms | [130] |