Table 3.

Total body of water and fluid compartments within the body characterized by percentage of body weight

Fluid	Osm	Buffer	Na+	Cl-	K+	Ca++	Mg++	CHO-	Indications	Contraindication
Normosol-R	296	Acetate 27 Gluconate 23	140	98	5	0	3	0	Replacement Metabolic acidosis Anorexia Vomiting Hypovolemic shock Diarrhea Renal failure	Hyperkalemia Metabolic alkalosis
PlasmaLyte-A	294	Acetate 27	140	98	5	0	3	0	Replacement Metabolic acidosis Anorexia Vomiting Hypovolemic shock Diarrhea Renal failure	Hyperkalemia Metabolic alkalosis
0.9% Saline	308	0	154	154	0	0	0	0	Replacement Hypovolemic shock Anorexia Vomiting Diarrhea Metabolic alkalosis Hyperkalemia Hypercalcemia Renal failure Acute hyponatremia Chronic hypernatremia	Cardiac disease Liver disease Metabolic acidosis
Lactated Ringer solution	272	Lactate 28	130	109	4	3	0	0	Replacement Hypovolemic shock Vomiting Diarrhea Hypocalcemia Metabolic acidosis Renal failure	Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Lymphosarcoma Liver failure

Modified from Mazzaferro E, Powell L. Fluid therapy for the emergent small animal patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013;43:721–34.