Table 2.
Prevalence of COPD in the general Chinese population aged 40 years or older, by demographic, social, and economic characteristics
|
Overall |
Men |
Women |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95% CI) | Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95% CI) | Cases/total (n/N) | Prevalence of COPD (95% CI) | |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 3877/32 009 | 12·2% (11·0–13·4) | 2666/14 624 | 16·7% (15·0–18·3) | 1211/17 385 | 7·6% (6·4–8·8) |
| Rural | 5257/34 743 | 14·9% (12·7–17·2) | 3969/18 513 | 21·2% (18·2–24·3) | 1288/16 230 | 8·6% (6·9–10·2) |
| p value | .. | 0·0007 | .. | 0·0001 | .. | 0·15 |
| Economic development | ||||||
| Under-developed | 3167/23 637 | 14·2% (11·0–17·4) | 2398/12 106 | 20·6% (16·2–24·9) | 769/11 531 | 7·7% (5·5–9·9) |
| Intermediately developed | 2640/21 020 | 12·5% (10·6–14·5) | 1868/10 137 | 17·5% (14·4–20·5) | 772/10 883 | 7·6% (6·1–9·0) |
| Developed | 3327/22 095 | 13·8% (11·2–16·4) | 2369/10 894 | 18·7% (15·5–21·9) | 958/11 201 | 8·7% (6·4–11·0) |
| p value for trend | .. | 0·86 | .. | 0·51 | .. | 0·50 |
| Educational level* | ||||||
| Primary and lower | 5217/33 693 | 16·0% (14·1–18·0) | 3479/14 454 | 24·4% (21·4–27·4) | 1738/19 239 | 10·0% (8·5–11·5) |
| Secondary school | 3685/30 213 | 11·7% (10·1–13·3) | 2971/17 068 | 16·1% (14·2–18·0) | 714/13 145 | 5·7% (4·2–7·2) |
| Higher or further education | 229/2827 | 8·7% (6·6–10·9) | 182/1608 | 10·4% (7·4–13·4) | 47/1219 | 6·0% (3·4–8·7) |
| p value for trend | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 | .. | 0·0002 |
| Smoking status* | ||||||
| Never smoker | 3326/40 070 | 8·7% (7·3–10·1) | 1107/8296 | 12·8% (10·5–15·1) | 2219/31 774 | 7·6% (6·3–8·8) |
| Former smoker | 1445/6438 | 22·6% (19·6–25·5) | 1380/5988 | 22·9% (19·9–26·0) | 65/450 | 17·4% (12·3–22·5) |
| Current smoker | 4346/20 059 | 20·4% (18·1–22·6) | 4140/18 793 | 20·7% (18·4–23·0) | 206/1266 | 15·8% (12·1–19·6) |
| p value | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 |
| Smoking exposure†(pack-years) | ||||||
| None to less than ten | 877/5801 | 15·1% (12·1–18·1) | 802/5029 | 15·9% (12·7–19·2) | 75/772 | 9·6% (6·5–12·7) |
| Ten to less than 25 | 1208/6593 | 16·8% (14·6–18·9) | 1134/6162 | 16·8% (14·5–19·1) | 74/431 | 16·6% (12·3–20·9) |
| 25 to less than 50 | 2153/8610 | 24·6% (21·8–27·3) | 2078/8321 | 24·4% (21·7–27·2) | 75/289 | 28·8% (20·3–37·3) |
| 50 or more | 1184/3771 | 31·0% (27·6–34·3) | 1159/3689 | 31·0% (27·6–34·4) | 25/82 | 30·6% (17·1–44·2) |
| p value for trend | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 |
| Hospital admission for severe pulmonary disease in childhood* | ||||||
| Yes | 350/1656 | 21·5% (18·9–24·1) | 222/819 | 25·8% (22·0–29·7) | 128/837 | 16·4% (12·5–20·2) |
| No | 8781/65 074 | 13·4% (11·8–15·0) | 6410/32 310 | 18·8% (16·7–21·0) | 2371/32 764 | 7·9% (6·6–9·1) |
| p value | .. | <0·0001 | .. | 0·0008 | .. | <0·0001 |
| Indoor exposure to biomass for cooking or heating* | ||||||
| Yes | 4602/28 914 | 16·3% (13·8–18·7) | 3399/14 922 | 22·9% (19·5–26·4) | 1203/13 992 | 9·4% (7·6–11·3) |
| No | 4519/37 772 | 11·8% (10·1–13·4) | 3225/18 184 | 16·3% (14·3–18·4) | 1294/19 588 | 7·1% (5·7–8·6) |
| p value | .. | 0·0002 | .. | <0·0001 | .. | 0·0259 |
| Indoor exposure to coal for cooking or heating* | ||||||
| Yes | 3237/22 881 | 12·8% (10·9–14·7) | 2361/11 665 | 17·8% (15·6–20·1) | 876/11 216 | 7·6% (5·9–9·3) |
| No | 5882/43 795 | 14·0% (12·1–15·9) | 4263/21 437 | 19·6% (17·0–22·3) | 1619/22 358 | 8·3% (6·9–9·7) |
| p value | .. | 0·27 | .. | 0·22 | .. | 0·84 |
| Exposure to dust or chemicals in the workplace* | ||||||
| Yes | 4550/29 808 | 15·4% (13·5–17·4) | 3517/16 561 | 20·7% (18·2–23·2) | 1033/13 247 | 8·6% (7·0–10·3) |
| No | 4576/36 914 | 12·1% (10·6–13·6) | 3110/16 560 | 17·3% (15·2–19·5) | 1466/20 354 | 7·7% (6·4–9·0) |
| p value | .. | <0·0001 | .. | 0·0003 | .. | 0·20 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18·5 | 362/1515 | 22·3% (18·9–25·8) | 265/818 | 29·7% (24·3–35·2) | 97/697 | 14·5% (10·6–18·5) |
| 18·5–23·9 | 4521/28 588 | 16·0% (14·1–17·8) | 3496/15 001 | 23·2% (20·7–25·7) | 1025/13 587 | 8·2% (7·0–9·5) |
| 24·0–27·9 | 3119/25 830 | 11·7% (10·3–13·0) | 2190/12 554 | 15·9% (13·9–17·8) | 929/13 276 | 7·4% (6·3–8·5) |
| ≥28·0 | 1132/10 819 | 10·9% (8·2–13·5) | 684/4764 | 13·7% (10·9–16·6) | 448/6055 | 8·4% (5·6–11·1) |
| p value for trend | .. | 0·0004 | .. | <0·0001 | .. | <0·0001 |
COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
*
Data missing for educational level (n=19), smoking status (n=185), hospital admission for severe pulmonary disease in childhood (n=22), indoor exposure to biomass for cooking or heating (n=66), indoor exposure to coal for cooking or heating (n=76), and exposure to dust or chemicals in the workplace (n=30).
†
Assessed in participants who were former or current smokers; 1722 current or former smokers had data missing for frequency (cigarettes per day or week) or duration of smoking.