Table 5.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for COPD in China
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at survey (years) | 1·06 (1·05–1·07) | <0·0001 | |
| Sex (men) | 1·94 (1·69–2·23) | <0·0001 | |
| Rural residence | 1·09 (0·90–1·32) | 0·38 | |
| Educational level | |||
| Primary school and lower | 1·31 (0·95–1·80) | 0·09 | |
| Secondary school | 1·18 (0·88–1·59) | 0·26 | |
| Higher or further education | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoker | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Former smoker | 1·56 (1·30–1·88) | <0·0001 | |
| Current smoker | 1·87 (1·60–2·19) | <0·0001 | |
| Economic development | |||
| Developed | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Intermediately developed | 0·83 (0·61–1·12) | 0·21 | |
| Under-developed | 0·94 (0·67–1·32) | 0·71 | |
| Hospital admission for severe pulmonary disease in childhood | 2·09 (1·70–2·56) | <0·0001 | |
| Indoor exposure to biomass for cooking or heating | 1·12 (0·90–1·39) | 0·29 | |
| Indoor exposure to coal for cooking or heating | 0·93 (0·76–1·14) | 0·47 | |
| Exposure to dust or chemicals in the workplace | 1·27 (1·13–1·42) | 0·0001 | |
| Family history of lung disease | 1·55 (1·39–1·73) | <0·0001 | |
| History of tuberculosis | 1·73 (1·33–2·23) | <0·0001 | |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| <18·5 | 1·12 (0·93–1·35) | 0·25 | |
| 18·5–23·9 | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| 24·0–27·9 | 0·81 (0·75–0·88) | <0·0001 | |
| ≥28·0 | 0·83 (0·68–1·02) | 0·07 | |
COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.