Table 9.

Relationship between outbreak issues and danger theory as well as the benefits of the outbreak detection model based on danger theory.

Outbreak issues	Effect	Danger theory characteristics	Outbreak detection model based on danger theory	Benefits
Outbreak and outbreak period is hard to determine. Most of the time, only outbreaks period are available for model development	Models lose robustness when unseen outbreak patterns vary from those of the trained model. This reduces detection capability when the unseen patterns vary from those in the trained model	Antigens have a similar chance of becoming infected with a harmful pathogen	No need to define outbreak and non-outbreak class. In other words, no training phase involved	Improves detection performance by balancing the DR and FAR Offers a new method for multivariate detection Has potential to be applied as a real-time system as applied in intrusion detection areas
Weak and inconsistent outbreak signal	Imbalance in the result between DR and FAR	The dendrite cell process uses multiple input signals	Accepts multiple input factors to improve detection performance rather than relying on a single predictive factor