Table 2.

Studies reporting intubation and mortality in immunocompromised patients receiving standard oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, or high-flow nasal oxygen therapy

	N	Cause of immunosuppression	Intubated (%)				Mortality (%)				Underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (%)	Undetermined cause (%)
			All	O2	NIV	HFNO	All	O2	NIV	HFNO
Antonelli et al79*	40	Solid organ transplants	33·7	70	20	..	35	50	20	..	27·5	0
Hilbert et al75*	52	All types	61·5	66	46·1	..	53·8	80·8	50	..	32·7	..
Azoulay et al9	203	Oncology and haematology patients	85·0	..	57	..	56	9	48·1	..	72	20·7
Lemiale et al16	380	Haematology patients	24·7	20	32	..	32	26	44	..	..	24·7
Lemiale et al80*	374	All types	41·4	45	38·2	..	25·7	34·4	30·9	..	38	4·5
Mokart et al81	178	Oncology and haematology patients	48·0	50	45·9	75	46	55	56	25	..	25
Frat et al12†‡	82	All types	46·3	43	65	31	29·3	27	46	15		4·9
Coudroy et al82	115	All types	44·0	..	55	35	30	..	40	20	..	..
Lemiale et al11†	353	All types	40·2	38	..	45	22·6	20·7	..	25·9	38·2	4·5
Azoulay et al13	1611	All types	40·9	41	41	41	36·5	32·7	36·9	38·4	60	12·9
Tu et al83	38	Solid organ transplants	34·2	..	50	20	22·7	..	22·2	5	..	..
Total	3426	..	45·0	47	45	41	35	37	40	21	45	12

Only studies published in English from Jan 1, 1998, to April 30, 2018, were taken into account. Studies that comprised only postoperative patients and studies on palliative NIV were not included. NIV=non-invasive ventilation. HFNO=high-flow nasal oxygen therapy.

^*Randomised controlled trials.

^†Post-hoc analysis of randomised controlled trials.

^‡Indicates day-90 mortality; all other studies reported hospital mortality.