Table 2.
Detected viruses (n = 74)a and bacteria (n = 36)b during the 2016/2017 season and detected viruses (n = 180)c and bacteria (n = 51)d during the 2017/2018 season.
| Respiratory viruses | 2016/2017 | 2017/2018 | p-valuee |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus | – | 1 (0.6%) | 1.000 |
| Bocavirus | 3 (4.1%)f | – | 0.024 |
| Coronavirus | 14 (18.9%) | 18 (10.0%) | 0.052 |
| Human metapneumovirus | 4 (5.4%) | 10 (5.6%) | 1.000 |
| Influenza A | 23 (31.1%) | 30 (16.7%) | 0.010 |
| Influenza A H1/2009 | – | 10 (5.6%) | 0.068 |
| Influenza A H3 | 20 (27.0%) | 13 (7.2%) | <.001 |
| Influenza B | 1 (1.4%)g | 64 (35.6%) | <.001 |
| Parainfluenza virus 1 - 4 | 3 (4.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.150 |
| Rhinovirus | 11 (14.9%) | 25 (13.9%) | 0.841 |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Other gram positive bacteria Other gram negative bacteria |
15 (20.3%) 11 (30.6%)h 8 (22.2%) 5 (13.9%) 6 (16.7%)i 6 (16.7%)k |
30 (16.7%) 22 (43.1%) 11 (21.6%) 8 (15.7%) 4 (7.8%)j 6 (11.8%)l |
0.493 0.239 0.947 0.818 0.202 0.517 |
During the 2016/2017 season (n = 192), 49 patients had a viral mono-infection, 11 had a viral coinfection and 1 patient had a viral triple infection, leading to a total number of 74 viruses (in 61 patients); 74 tested virus negative and 57 were not tested.
During the 2016/2017 season (n = 192), 11 patients had a bacterial mono-infection, 15 had a viral-bacterial coinfection (of whom 1 with 2 bacteria), 3 had a bacterial coinfection and 1 had a bacterial triple infection, leading to a total number of 36 bacteria (in 30 patients).
During the 2017/2018 season (n = 378), 158 patients had a viral mono-infection, 11 had a viral coinfection, leading to a total number of 180 viruses (in 169 patients); 115 tested virus negative and 94 were not tested.
During the 2017/2018 season (n = 378), 26 patients had a bacterial mono-infection and 23 had a viral-bacterial coinfection (of whom 2 with 2 bacteria), leading to a total number of 51 bacteria (in 49 patients).
p-values were calculated using a Pearson’s chi square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.
Percentages of viruses were calculated using the viral denominator of that season (74 vs 180).
There was only one Influenza B detection during the 2016/2017 season, which was in line with national trends in the distribution of Influenza A and B.
Percentages of bacteria were calculated using the bacterial denominator of that season (36 vs 51).
Other gram positive bacteria found during the 2016/2017 season: Staphylococcus aureus (n = 5), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 1).
Other gram positive bacteria found during the 2017/2018 season: Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3), Enterococcus faecium (n = 1).
Other gram negative bacteria found during the 2016/2017 season: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), Legionella pneumophila (n = 1), Neisseria meningitidis (n = 1), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 1), Citrobacter koseri (n = 1) and Morganella morganii (n = 1).
Other gram negative bacteria found during the 2017/2018 season: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 1), Proteus mirabilis (n = 1).