Table 4. Association of being ever exposed to biomass fuel and health status among the study participants (n = 632).
| Self-reported symptoms | Ever exposed | p value | Crude OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YES | NO | |||||
| Ophthalmic conditions# | Present | 406 (71.7) | 26 (39.4) | <0.001 | 3.90 (2.31–6.61) | 3.85 (1.79–8.29) |
| Absent | 160 (28.3) | 40 (60.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Respiratory symptoms $ | Present | 268 (47.3) | 10 (15.2) | <0.001 | 5.04 (2.52–10.07) | |
| Absent | 298(52.7) | 56 (84.8) | 1 | |||
| Cardiovascular diseases § | Present | 127 (22.4) | 3 (4.5) | 0.003 | 6.07 (1.88–19.67) | |
| Absent | 439 (77.6) | 63 (95.5) | 1 | |||
| Dermatological symptoms ¥ | Present | 112 (19.8) | 4 (6.1) | 0.006 | 3.82 (1.36–10.73) | 3.66 (1.07–12.55) |
| Absent | 454 (80.2) | 62 (93.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Adverse obstetric outcomes¶ (n = 572) + | Present | 191 (36.8) | 9 (17.0) | 0.004 | 2.85 (1.36–5.96) | 2.45 (1.08–5.57) |
| Absent | 328 (63.2) | 44 (83.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
* Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, literacy level, occupation, socioeconomic status and passive smoking
# diminished vision, cataract, eye irritation and watering of eyes
$ Throat irritation, ear pain, asthma, nasal stuffiness/ running nose, cough with/ without phlegm
§ Hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke;
¥skin irritation, blisters due to skin burns;
¶ miscarriages, still birth, low birth weight and preterm deliveries;
+among those who were ever married