Table 1.

Promising characterized eCAPs against MDR microbes

Name	Structural modification	Enhanced trait	Target	Refs
Arabidopsis thalianacyclin-dependent kinase	Recombinant scFv antigen produced in Nicotinia tabacum with no plant glycosylation	Biologically active	Immunomodulation against plant pathogens	[74]
Chimeric JEV E protein	Recombinant Escherichia coli expressed fusion of 27-amino acid JEV peptide with Mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp70 antigen	Chimeric protein elicited stronger immune response in mice than the single JEV antigen	Vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus	[75]
Clavanin MO	Amino acid substitution	Improved antibacterial activity	Pseudomonas aeruginosa (immunomodulatory)	[76]
Cm-p5	Peptide fragmentation, de novo sequence determination, amino acid substitution	Improved antibacterial activity	Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum	[77]
D5 and D6 decamers	Systematic Arg and Trp substitution	Improved antibacterial activity	Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	[78]
Escherichia coliheat-labile toxin	Recombinant antigen produced in Zea mays with no plant glycosylation. Retention in endoplasmic reticulum	Biologically active	Vaccine against pathogenic E. coli	[79]
Hepatitis B surface antigen	Recombinant antigen produced in N. tabacum with no plant glycosylation. Retention in endoplasmic reticulum	Biologically active	Vaccine against Hepatitis B virus	[80]
Human carcinoembryonic antigen	Recombinant antigen produced transiently in N. tabacum	Biologically active	Activity against colon and breast cancer	[81]
Japanese cedar pollen allergens	Recombinant antigen produced in Oryza sativa with no plant glycosylation. Retention in endoplasmic reticulum	Biologically active	Vaccine against pollen allergy	[82]
Lytic base unit (LBU)	eCAPs with 12–48 residues. Optimized amphipathic helices with only Arg and Trp residues	Maximum antibacterial selectivity at 24 residues; increased activity at 12 residues in length	P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus	[83]
P307SQ-8C	C-terminal amino acid substitution	High in vitro activity against Gram-negative bacteria biofilms. Synergistic activity with polymyxin B. Did not lyse human red blood cells or B cells	Acinetobacter baumannii	[36]
Peptide derived from human lysosomal cathepsin G (cat G)	Substitution of residues 117–136	Enhancement of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[84]
Synthetic cxc cfcfc peptides	Dengue fever virus and Japanese encephalitis virus synthetic peptides with motifs to fit human leukocyte antigen (HLA)	Enhanced cellular immune response in the lymph nodes	Vaccine against Dengue virus for populations in developing countries	[58]
TiBP1	Chimeric peptides with solid-binding kinetics to titanium substrate	Enhanced activity	Activity against bacteria commonly found in oral and orthopedic implants, such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and E. coli	[85]
WLBU2 and WR12	Idealized amphipathic helices with three and two amino acid substitution, respectively	WLBU2 eradicated lethal P. aeruginosa septicemia in mice	142 isolates of ESKAPE pathogens	[86]