Fig. 7.

Mg promotes angiogenesis and reduces vessel leakage. (A) Representative 3D images of micro-CT based vessel architecture and CD31 IHC staining images in proximal tibia and distal tibia 2 weeks after SAON induction in each group. Histogram showed the subtotal volume of the small (<100 μm), medium (100–200 μm) and large-sized (>200 μm) blood vessels/perfused microfil in each group in proximal (above) and distal tibia (below) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n = 4). (B) Effect of Mg on endothelial cell migration. (C) Effect of Mg on endothelial cell tube formation. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n = 4) (D) Transwell permeability assay showed the effect of Mg on endothelial cell leakage induced by LPS. (E) Co-IF-staining of ZO-1 and NF-κB p65 showed the coincidental effects of Mg on protecting the integrity of endothelial cell monolayer (showed by ZO-1 staining) and reducing the inflammation (showed by NF-κB p65 staining) induced by LPS. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n = 4).