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. 2015 Aug 10;33(44):5997–6010. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.101

Table 1.

Currently employed chitosan derivatives as mucosal permeation enhancer.

Type Chemical structure Preparation Properties Ref
TMC graphic file with name fx1.gif Reductive alkylation before quaternization with MeI; direct trimethylation of unprotected chitosan by MeI or DMS with TBDMS & KI Mucoadhension, permeation enhancer, antimicrobial properties [47]
HTCC graphic file with name fx2.gif Direct alkylation by EPTAC Enhanced solubility in water, stronger positive charge, mucoadhensive capacity, antibacterial and antifungal property [48]

Abbreviations: TMC: N-trimethyl chitosan, HTCC: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride, MeI: methyl iodide, DMS: dimethylsulfate, KI: potassium iodide, TBDMS: tert-butyl dimethylsilyl, EPTAC: 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.