Table 2.

Skin gene expression-based prognostic or predictive biomarkers

Reference	Biomarker	Population	Type of marker	Summary of findings
Stifano et al. [25∎]	Skin expression levels of CD14, IL13RA1, SERPINE1, OSMR, and CTGF	Placebo arm of clinical trial	Prognostic	High expression at baseline predicted worsening mRSS
Moon et al. [26∎]	‘Clusters’ based on skin gene expression profiles	Placebo arm of clinical trial	Prognostic	Improved mRSS in patients in the inflammatory/immune cluster
Hinchcliff et al. [27]	‘Intrinsic subsets’ of patients based on skin gene expression profiles	S. Cohort (Northwestern)	Predictive	mRSS improvement during MMF treatment more likely in inflammatory and mixed inflammatory/ fibroproliferative subsets
Higgs et al. [28∎]	Plasma cell gene expression signature in skin	Phase I trial of inebilizumab (anti-CD19)	Predictive	Increased plasma cell signature at baseline associated with greater mRSS improvement during anti-CD19 treatment
Martyanov et al. [29∎]	SASP gene expression signature in skin	SSc-ILD patients in single-arm trial of dasatinib	Predictive	High baseline SASP signature associated with greater mRSS improvement during treatment

ILD, interstitial lung disease; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; mRSS, modified Rodnan skin score; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SSc, systemic sclerosis.