Table 5.
Child behavioral problems and psychiatric symptoms according to paternal weight status at 4 months post-partum, the Upstate KIDS study.
| Categories of paternal BMI1, kg/m2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral outcome | n | n, cases | <25 Reference | ≥25 and <30 (overweight) RR (95% CI) | ≥30 and <35 (obese class I) RR (95% CI) | ≥35 (obese class II+) RR (95% CI) | P-trend2 | BMI, per kg/m2 RR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal reported diagnosis | |||||||||
| ADHD | 1906 | 183 | |||||||
| Unadjusted3 | 1 | 0.79 (0.52, 1.19) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.46) | 1.34 (0.83,2.18) | 0.37 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) \ | |||
| Adjusted4 | 1 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.61) | 1.25 (0.76, 2.06) | 1.49 (0.87, 2.55) | 0.13 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | |||
| Anxiety | 1909 | 150 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.91 (0.57, 1.47) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.71) | 1.20 (0.65,2.24) | 0.63 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 1.13 (0.72, 1.78) | 1.22 (0.70,2.1) | 1.27 (0.66,2.43) | 0.42 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| VADPRS | |||||||||
| Maternal reported ADHD diagnosis or ADHD screen on VADPRS | 1915 | 193 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.77 (0.52, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.34) | 1.22 (0.76, 1.96) | 0.63 | l.Ol (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.99 (0.67, 1.48) | 1.16 (0.72, 1.88) | 1.34 (0.80,2.23) | 0.24 | l.Ol (0.99, 1.04) | |||
| Inattentive OR hyperactive/impulsive screen with performance impact | 1484 | 96 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.85) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.82) | 0.63 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.56 (0.33, 0.95) | 0.77 (0.43, 1.38) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.63) | 0.65 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | |||
| Inattentive OR hyperactive/impulsive screen with no performance indicators | 1484 | 134 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.54) | 0.81 (0.41, 1.58) | 0.64 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.80 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.57, 1.49) | 0.66 (0.34, 1.29) | 0.31 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | |||
| Borderline behavioral problems, SDQ | |||||||||
| Emotional symptoms | 1386 | 193 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.48) | 1.18 (0.70, 1.98) | 0.60 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.60, 1.50) | 1.16 (0.69, 1.95) | 0.68 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| Peer relationship problems | 1386 | 211 | 1 | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.55, 1.28) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.41) | 0.49 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.46) | 0.60 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |||
| Conduct problems | 1386 | 201 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.66 (0.45, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.59) | >0.99 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.73 (0.52, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.53) | 1.04 (0.64, 1.67) | 0.74 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |||
| Hyperactivity/inattention | 1386 | 214 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.43) | 1.16 (0.73, 1.85) | 0.50 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.79 (0.56, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.59) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.66) | 0.63 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | |||
| Prosocial behaviors | 1386 | 86 | |||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.77 (0.43, 1.37) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.61) | 1.02 (0.42,2.48) | 0.90 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | |||
| Adjusted | 1 | 0.79 (0.45, 1.40) | 0.86 (0.42, 1.75) | 0.90 (0.34, 2.38) | 0.79 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | |||
1
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BMI, body mass index; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; VADPRS, Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale
2
P-trend when a variable representing ordinal categories of the BMI was introduced as a continuous covariate.
3
Values are risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals from a robust Poisson regression model.
4
Models are adjusted for mother’s race/ethnicity, education, insurance status, smoking, alcohol intake, marital status, BMI, and PCOS diagnosis; parental age; parental history of affective disorders; and child’s sex.