Fig. 1.

Enhanced spontaneous movements in younger pups during emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia. A Incidence of post-anesthetic hyperexcitatory behaviors (PAHBs) in younger rat pups (P9–P11) and older rat pups (P16–P18) (n = 8 per group). B PAHB scores in younger and older pups. C, D Movement distance and movement duration in younger and older pups after sevoflurane withdrawal in the open field test (n = 8 per group; **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 vs P16–P18, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s t-test).