Table 3.

The proposed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imaging reporting and data system (COVID-RADS)

CT findings	Description	COVID-RADS grade	Level of suspicion
Normal Chest CT		0	Lowa
Atypical findings (Inconsistent with COVID-19)	- Pleural effusion - Cavity - Pulmonary nodule(s) - Nodular pattern - Lymphadenopathy - Peribronchovascular distribution - Halo sign - Tree-in-bud sign - Bronchiectasis - Airway secretions - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary fibrosis - Isolated pleural thickeningb - Pneumothorax - Pericardial effusion	1	Low
Fairly typical findings	- Single GGO (early) - Consolidation without GGO (late/complicated)c - Focal pleural thickeningd - Vascular enlargemente - Air bronchogram - Bronchial wall thickening - White lung stage (late/complicated) - Parenchymal fibrotic bands (late/remission)	2A	Moderate
Combination of atypical findings with typical/fairly typical findings		2B	Moderate
Typical findingsf	- Multifocal GGO - GGO with superimposed consolidation - Consolidation predominant pattern (late/complicated) - Linear opacities (late/complicated) - Crazy paving pattern (late/complicated) - Melted sugar sign (late/remission)	3	High

COVID-RADS, coronavirus disease imaging reporting and data system; GGO, ground glass opacity

^aAlthough there is no imaging feature suggestive of COVID-19, it cannot exclude the disease

^bFocal or diffused pleural thickening in the absence of GGO or consolidation

^cThis finding is not highly suggestive of the COVID-19. However, in advanced stages, it may be the only present finding

^dThickening of the pleura associated with the adjacent GGO or consolidation

^eVascular enlargment refers to both luminal dilation and mural thickening of the pulmonary vessels [30]

^fBilateral and peripheral lung involvement generally indicate a high level of suspicion for COVID-19