Table 1.
General demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of participant groups.
| Characteristics | Controls | bvFTD | SD | PNFA | LPA | AD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General demographic and clinical | ||||||
| No. (M/F) | 32 (16/16) | 34 (26/8) | 17 (10/7) | 20 (10/10) | 9 (8/1) | 28 (13/15) |
| Age (y) | 68.2 (6.9) | 65.8 (6.9) | 66.5 (7.5) | 68.5 (8.4) | 69.2 (9.6) | 70.4 (7.8) |
| Handedness (R/L) | 29/2 | 32/1 | 17/0 | 18/1 | 8/1 | 25/2 |
| Education (y) | 16.1 (2.4) | 13.8 (4.0) | 15.0 (2.9) | 13.6 (2.5) | 16.2 (2.1) | 14.9 (2.0) |
| MMSE (/30) | 29.8 (0.4) | 22.4 (6.4) | 21.8 (8.0) | 18.4 (9.5) | 13.1 (7.8) | 18.1 (6.6) |
| Symptom dur (y) | N/A | 7.2 (5.0) | 6.1 (2.4) | 4.3 (2.4) | 5.2 (1.9) | 6.9 (3.6) |
| Medication use**: no (%) | 2 (0.6) | 16 (47) | 6 (35) | 8 (40) | 2 (22) | 13 (46) |
| Neuropsychological | ||||||
| General intellect | ||||||
| WASI VIQ | 123.7 (8.2)a | 82.4 (27.6)c | 67.9 (18.3)a | 72.3 (18.9)b | 61.3 (19.1) | 93.1 (20.2)a |
| WASI PIQ | 125.2 (12.9)a | 92.8 (22.9)c | 114.5 (17.5)a | 88.8 (22.4)b | 81.7 (12.9) | 82.6 (16.7)a |
| Episodic memory | ||||||
| RMT Words (/50) | 48.8 (1.2)a | 28.4 (18.8)g | 26.3 (16.3)d | 31.1 (18.4)b | 20.2 (20.3) | 25.4 (11.5)e |
| RMT Words (/25)* | 24.7 (0.8) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15.3 (3.5) |
| RMT Faces (/50) | 43.9 (5.0)a | 23.7 (15.8)f | 26.9 (11.7)b | 30.5 (15.8)b | 19.9 (19.7) | 26.7 (11.7)e |
| RMT Faces (/25)* | 24.6 (0.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 17.8 (2.8) |
| Executive function | ||||||
| DS-F (max) | 7.2 (1.1)a | 5.7 (1.4)a | 6.6 (0.9)a | 3.8 (2.2)c | 3.0 (2.4) | 5.9 (1.4)a |
| DS-R (max) | 5.5 (1.3)a | 3.6 (1.8)a | 5.0 (1.5)a | 1.9 (1.6)c | 1.8 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.8)b |
| D-KEFS Stroop: | ||||||
| Color (s) | 30.1 (4.9)b | 53.8 (22.0)a | 52.6 (23.2)a | 77.3 (19.8)d | 81.9 (13.7) | 57.4 (17.1)d |
| Word (s) | 23.3 (5.0)b | 35.5 (19.0)a | 32.0 (18.4)a | 70.3 (25.5)d | 60.8 (22.8) | 44.4 (22.5)d |
| Interference (s) | 54.8 (13.2)b | 119.9 (54.8)a | 96.9 (45.9)a | 155.9 (44.8)d | 180.0 (0.0) | 145.6 (40.5)d |
| Fluency: | ||||||
| Verbal (total) | 17.7 (5.7)a | 6.6 (5.4)a | 6.9 (5.4)a | 4.1 (4.4)d | 2.0 (2.9) | 8.9 (4.9)b |
| Category (total) | 24.6 (5.4)a | 10.0 (6.9)a | 5.3 (4.4)a | 9.4 (7.2)d | 2.2 (2.9) | 8.0 (5.0)a |
| TMT A (s) | 31.1 (9.2)a | 75.7 (46.4)a | 53.5 (27.7)a | 82.1 (45.4)d | 116.9 (37.6) | 99.3 (42.4)a |
| TMT B (s) | 60.2 (24.1)a | 202.2 (93.5)a | 147.3 (88.4)a | 229.2 (94.4)c | 300.0 (0.0) | 269.7 (69.0)c |
| Language skills | ||||||
| BPVS (/150) | 148.0 (1.4)a | 110.7 (45.5)e | 62.1 (39.8)b | 117.6 (44.4)b | 92.6 (55.0) | 124.1 (36.7)a |
| GNT (/30) | 26.6 (2.7)a | 12.1 (9.3)d | 1.0 (4.0)a | 10.7 (7.2)c | 7.0 (8.5)a | 12.5 (8.3)b |
| Other skills | ||||||
| VOSP (/20) | 18.9 (1.2)a | 14.2 (5.2)d | 14.1 (4.7)a | 15.1 (4.7)b | 13.6 (3.7) | 15.4 (2.6)a |
Mean (standard deviation) values are shown unless otherwise indicated (maximum scores on neuropsychological tests are in parentheses); significant differences in performance between healthy controls and patient groups (p < 0.05) are coded in bold.
based on data from an historical cohort of 24 healthy older controls and six patients with AD from the present cohort;
includes medications with a potentially relevant effect on time perception (see text).
A reduced number of participants completed certain tests, as follows:
n-1,
n-2,
n-3,
n-4,
n-7,
n-9,
n-11.
AD, patient group with typical Alzheimer's disease; BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (67); bvFTD, patient group with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia; Controls, healthy control group; D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System (68); dur, duration; F, female; GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic test (69); GNT, Graded Naming Test (70); LPA, patient group with logopenic aphasia; M, male; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score (71); N/A, not applicable; PIQ, performance IQ; PNFA, patient group with progressive non-fluent aphasia; RMT, Recognition Memory Test (72); SD, patient group with semantic dementia; TMT, Trails Making Test (73); VIQ, verbal IQ; VOSP, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery – Object Decision test (74); WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (75); DS-F/R, Wechsler Memory Scale (Revised) Digit Span – Forward/Reverse (76); y, years.