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. 2020 Apr 21;11:379. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00379

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Copyright © 2020 Yu, Ni, van der Werf and Lee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two-dimensional scatter plots of PC1 and PC2 with red points representing white British individuals and blue points representing other white ethnic individuals from the UKBB. The white British group named as POP1 is situated within the group of the other white Europeans (see panel A). As shown in panels (B,C), we used a geometric method by which we constructed a rectangle with maximums and minimums of PC1 and PC2 of POP1 as four sides and then group the individuals of the other white Europeans inside this rectangle, named as POP3. The rest of the other white Europeans except POP3 were named as POP2. As POP1 and POP3 are very close in terms of PCs, the individuals in the two data designs POP1 + POP2 and POP2 + POP3 have similar population structures while POP1 + POP3 was a negative control as there was little population difference among this combination (see panel D).