Table 1. The age-standardized point prevalence of low back pain in 1990 and 2017, by region and gender.

Region	Gender	1990 (%)					2017 (%)				Difference** (%)
		Mean	LUI	UUI	Rank*		Mean	LUI	UUI	Rank*
Andean Latin America	Male	7.65	6.89	8.44			8.31	7.45	9.19		0.66
	Female	7.36	6.61	8.22			7.87	7.08	8.77		0.50
	Both	7.50	6.76	8.33	13		8.08	7.26	8.94	13	0.58
Australasia	Male	11.60	10.52	12.79			11.99	10.73	13.38		0.39
	Female	13.11	11.86	14.54			13.84	12.41	15.31		0.73
	Both	12.38	11.22	13.63	3		12.94	11.63	14.32	4	0.56
Caribbean	Male	5.32	4.79	5.89			5.28	4.77	5.85		−0.04
	Female	6.15	5.49	6.81			6.03	5.51	6.65		−0.12
	Both	5.75	5.15	6.36	19		5.67	5.16	6.26	19	−0.08
Central Asia	Male	9.21	8.27	10.23			9.14	8.22	10.17		−0.07
	Female	9.11	8.16	10.18			9.11	8.11	10.18		0.01
	Both	9.17	8.24	10.21	10		9.13	8.16	10.20	10	−0.04
Central Europe	Male	12.40	11.16	13.79			12.51	11.34	13.77		0.11
	Female	12.47	11.15	13.89			12.57	11.37	13.86		0.10
	Both	12.46	11.18	13.86	2		12.57	11.38	13.85	5	0.11
Central Latin America	Male	4.68	4.15	5.24			4.88	4.37	5.41		0.20
	Female	6.43	5.73	7.17			6.28	5.61	6.95		−0.15
	Both	5.59	4.97	6.20	20		5.62	5.02	6.23	20	0.03
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	Male	8.78	7.78	9.82			8.94	7.95	9.99		0.16
	Female	7.75	6.90	8.69			7.87	6.99	8.82		0.12
	Both	8.24	7.30	9.23	11		8.40	7.48	9.39	12	0.16
East Asia	Male	4.16	3.61	4.72			3.44	3.02	3.85		−0.72
	Female	5.70	4.91	6.56			4.38	3.87	4.89		−1.32
	Both	4.94	4.27	5.63	21		3.92	3.46	4.37	21	−1.02
Eastern Europe	Male	11.56	10.26	12.95			10.52	9.37	11.78		−1.04
	Female	11.40	10.10	12.74			10.59	9.47	11.79		−0.81
	Both	11.48	10.20	12.77	6		10.57	9.40	11.79	8	−0.91
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	Male	8.10	7.23	8.99			8.52	7.60	9.49		0.43
	Female	6.43	5.74	7.20			6.65	5.90	7.42		0.22
	Both	7.25	6.46	8.09	15		7.56	6.73	8.42	15	0.31
High-income Asia Pacific	Male	10.25	9.12	11.51			11.45	10.19	12.83		1.20
	Female	14.42	12.80	16.18			14.90	13.27	16.80		0.48
	Both	12.36	11.02	13.84	4		13.16	11.74	14.73	2	0.80
High-income North America	Male	10.39	9.37	11.49			9.80	9.20	10.42		−0.59
	Female	12.21	11.03	13.44			11.55	10.85	12.28		−0.66
	Both	11.36	10.24	12.54	7		10.71	10.06	11.39	7	−0.65
North Africa and Middle East	Male	8.96	8.06	9.90			9.09	8.14	10.01		0.13
	Female	10.75	9.62	11.94			10.74	9.61	11.97		−0.01
	Both	9.85	8.84	10.90	9		9.90	8.86	10.98	9	0.06
Oceania	Male	5.89	5.21	6.57			6.20	5.50	6.98		0.31
	Female	6.89	6.10	7.75			7.23	6.41	8.11		0.34
	Both	6.37	5.67	7.11	18		6.70	5.95	7.53	16	0.33
South Asia	Male	5.72	5.06	6.43			5.05	4.50	5.65		−0.67
	Female	7.44	6.62	8.33			7.07	6.31	7.89		−0.37
	Both	6.54	5.81	7.32	17		6.06	5.40	6.75	18	−0.48
Southeast Asia	Male	7.33	6.61	8.10			7.72	7.05	8.42		0.39
	Female	7.52	6.79	8.29			7.78	7.07	8.52		0.25
	Both	7.43	6.71	8.21	14		7.76	7.08	8.49	14	0.32
Southern Latin America	Male	11.98	10.59	13.54			13.25	11.86	14.64		1.27
	Female	12.64	11.22	14.11			13.66	12.26	15.18		1.02
	Both	12.33	10.97	13.85	5		13.47	12.09	14.89	1	1.13
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	Male	8.11	7.25	9.03			7.40	6.62	8.25		−0.70
	Female	5.97	5.32	6.65			5.53	4.95	6.11		−0.44
	Both	6.99	6.25	7.75	16		6.42	5.75	7.12	17	−0.57
Tropical Latin America	Male	10.55	9.42	11.80			11.37	10.14	12.69		0.82
	Female	12.02	10.71	13.43			11.51	10.29	12.78		−0.52
	Both	11.32	10.11	12.60	8		11.45	10.22	12.74	6	0.13
Western Europe	Male	12.29	11.08	13.63			12.02	10.82	13.31		−0.27
	Female	14.05	12.69	15.49			14.13	12.74	15.62		0.08
	Both	13.24	11.95	14.63	1		13.12	11.81	14.50	3	−0.13
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	Male	8.79	7.86	9.78			9.31	8.36	10.32		0.52
	Female	7.65	6.86	8.50			8.27	7.42	9.12		0.62
	Both	8.23	7.40	9.18	12		8.76	7.89	9.70	11	0.53
Globally	Male	7.47	6.67	8.31			6.94	6.24	7.67		−0.53
	Female	8.86	7.90	9.82			8.01	7.22	8.84		−0.85
	Both	8.20	7.31	9.10	–		7.50	6.75	8.27	–	−0.70

*, rank: the rank of LBP prevalence among the above 21 regions. **, difference: calculated by subtracting the 1990 prevalence (%) from the 2017 prevalence (%). LUI, lower uncertainty interval; UUI, upper uncertainty interval.